Genetics Test 4

Front 1

uncontrolled cell division that results in a tumor

Back 1

cancer

Front 2

true or false- cancer is a result of one division

Back 2

FALSE- multiple mutations

Front 3

increased cell division is called:

Back 3

hyperplasia

Front 4

encode proteins that stimulate cell division

Back 4

protooncogenes
- when stimulated that become oncogenes

Front 5

encode proteins that slow cell division or stimulate apoptosis

Back 5

tumor suppresor genes
ex) p53

Front 6

what do chemical mutagens cause

Back 6

transitions & transversions

Front 7

what do x-rays cause

Back 7

inversions & translocations

Front 8

what does UV light cause

Back 8

single-base deletions (frame shift)

Front 9

true or false- CDKs are expressed at nearly constant levels throughout the cell cycle

Back 9

true

Front 10

what does elevated levels of p53 do?

Back 10

leads to induction of apoptosis, & death of the damaged cell

Front 11

accumulation of additional mutations with each round of cell division

Back 11

genomic instability

Front 12

true or false- p53 gene is mutated in over 50% of all cancers

Back 12

true
- most are missense mutations (change one amino acid to another)

Front 13

Ras is a(n):

Back 13

oncogene
- mutated Ras oncogenes are constitutively active & cyclin D levels remain elevated

Front 14

what is normal function of Myc

Back 14

transcription factor

Front 15

what are mutations of Myc

Back 15

amplification & translocation

Front 16

Ras stimulates Akt pathway, which does what

Back 16

keeps Bad bound to 14-3-3 & prevents apoptosis

Front 17

does overexpression of Bcl-2 block or allow apoptosis

Back 17

block

Front 18

deletion of the wild-type copy of tumor suppresor genes

Back 18

loss of heterozygosity

Front 19

mutation which produces a phenotype that results from expression of "new" protein activity

Back 19

neomorphic allele

Front 20

null allele w/ no protein activity

Back 20

molecular null allele

Front 21

null allele with decreased amount of protein activity

Back 21

genetic null allele

Front 22

how does reverse genetics work

Back 22

start w/ gene & mutate it in model organism to look for phenotype

Front 23

how does forward genetics work

Back 23

start with mutant phenotype & try to identify and study gene

Front 24

segregates the desired mutants from others in the population

Back 24

selection

Front 25

allows both mutants & wild type individuals to survive, provides a way to identify mutant individuals

Back 25

detection
ex) blue/white selection for lac- bacteria

Front 26

generating a mutant phenotype in a wild-type genetic background by using chemicals/ manipulating the environment

Back 26

phenocopying

Front 27

artificially introduced RNAs that interfere w/ gene expression are called:

Back 27

short interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

Front 28

study of genetic variation at a population level to explain changes in allelic, genotypic, & phenotypic frequencie in a population through time

Back 28

population genetics

Front 29

group of individuals that exist together in space & time & interbreed

Back 29

population

Front 30

genetic makeup of a population (all alleles in a pop & their relative frequencies

Back 30

gene pool

Front 31

average reproduction rate of individuals with the same genotype

Back 31

absolute fitness

Front 32

genotype's ability to survive and reproduce relative to other genotypes in a population

Back 32

relative fitness

Front 33

number of offspring born to an average female w/ a particular genotype

Back 33

fecundity

Front 34

fitness=

Back 34

fecundity times survival

Front 35

selection coefficient is a measure of:

Back 35

fitness disadvantage
- relative fitness= 1-s

Front 36

rate of allele frequency change depends on:

Back 36

strength of selection
level of dominance
allele frequencies

Front 37

directional changes in allele frequency

Back 37

clines