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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human Genome Project
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initiative to determine the complete sequence of the human genome and to analyze this information
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paralogous genes
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genes that arise by duplication within the same species, often within the sam chromosome; paralogous genes often constitute a multigene family
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genomics
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the study of whole genomes
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model organisms
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used in genomic analysis because they have many genetic mechanisms and cellular pathways in common with each other and with humans. These organisms lend themselves well to classical breeding experiments and direct manipulation of the genome
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discovery science
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an approach to biology in which one seeks to identify all the elements of a biological system and place them in a database to enrich the infrastructure of biology
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polymorphism
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variant of a gene or noncoding region that has two or more alleles. Molecular geneticists use this term to describe a variant of a locus within a population of organisms that had two or more alleles. Population geneticists reserve the term for variants at a locus where two or more alleles are present at a frequency of more than 1%.
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heterochromatic DNA
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genomic DNA from heterochromatic regions; this DNA is often difficult to clone
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10-fold sequence coverage
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the sequencing of every chromosomal region from 10 independently cloned inserts results in 10-fold sequence coverage
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orthologous genes
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genes with sequence similarities in two different species that arose from the same gene in the two species common ancestor
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homologous genes
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genes in different species with enough sequence similarity to be evolutionarily related
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sequence tagged sites (STSs)
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one-of-a-kind markers that tag positions along the DNA molecule
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fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
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a physical mapping approach that uses fluorescent tags to detect hybridization of nucleic acid probes with chromosomes
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contig
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a set of two or more partially overlapping cloned DNA fragments that together cover an uninterrupted stretch of the genome
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shotgun
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sequencing approach in which the overlapping insert fragments to be sequenced have been randomly generated in one of three ways: from large insert clones known as BACs; from the shearing with sound of the whole genome; or from partial digestion of the whole genome with restriction enzymes.
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minimal tiling path
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the result of the final step in the shotgun sequencing strategy, a minimally overlapping set of BAC clones.
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protein domains
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discrete functional units of a protein, encoded by discrete regions of DNA
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syntenic blocks
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blocks of linked loci within a genome
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domain architecture
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the number and order of a protein's functional domains
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autonomous elements
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intact transposable elements that can move from place to place in the genome by themselves
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Lateral gene transfer
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the introduction and incorporation of DNA from an unrelated individual or from a different species
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macroarrays
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microtiter plate based DNA array
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microarrays
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small glass-slide DNA array
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oligonucleotide
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a short single stranded DNA molecule ; can be synthesized by an automated DNA synthesizer. Oligonucleotides are used as DNA probes and as primers for DNA sequencing sequencing or PCR
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Serial analysis of gene expression
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sequencing technique for determining the quantities of different RNAs in a mixture
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transcriptome
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the population of mRNAs expressed in a single cell or cell type
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somatic gene therapy
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remedial measures in which a replacement gene is inserted into affected tissue to compensate for a faulty gene
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germ-line gene therapy
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a genetic engineering technique that modifies the DNA of germ cells that are passed on to progeny
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