Genetics Test 2 Ch 10

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Kossel discovered?

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DNA contains four nitrogenous bases

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Chargaff discovered?

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A=T G=C

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Mieshcer discovered from pus?

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Nuclein is acidic

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Griffith, Avery et al discovered?

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DNA is transforming in bacteria

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Hershey and Chase discovered?

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DNA is transforming in viruses

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Watson and Crick discovered?

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DNA Structure

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Kerry Mullis discovered?

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PCR

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Originally what was favored as the molecule for "transforming molecule"? Why?

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Protein, more complex, variety of sizes variety of charges

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What were the 2 classic experiments that indicate which is the "transforming molecule"?

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Giffith, Avery, Macleod and McCarty exp

Hershey-Chase exp

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Whose experiment? What did it show?

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Griffith, it showed transformation in bacteria

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Whose experiment? What did it show?

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Avery, Macleod, and McCarty, is revealed the nature of the transforming principle (DNA)

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Phage attaches to bacteria and injects its chromsome

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bacterial chromosome breaks down and the phage chromosome replicates

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expression of phage genes produces phage structural components

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progeny phage particles assemble

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bacterial wall lyses

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Whose experiment? What did it show?

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Hershey and Chase, showed that DNA is the transforming factor in virus

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What are the four nucleotides?

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Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (Uracil = RNA)

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What are the purines?

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Double Ring nitrogenous bases, Adenine and Guanine

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What are the pyrimidines?

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Single ring nitrogenous bases, cytosine and thymine (uracil = RNA)

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Photo 51 was?

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Famous Xray crystallography picture from Rosalind Franklin

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Pyrimidines are ______ ring nitrogenous bases.

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single

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Purines are -------- ring nitrogenous bases.

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double

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What is Chargaff's rule?

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A=T G=C

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Rosalind Franklin's famous photo 51 showed what?

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A helical repeating structure

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What is the biological form? What signifies the Z-form?

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A-form, B-form, Z-form

B-form, left handed helix

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What kind of sugar is with DNA?

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Front 31

What is this? Number the ring?

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The phosphate is connect to the __' carbon in deoxyribose?

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5 and 3'

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The nitrogenous base is connected to the __' carbon on deoxyribose?

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1'

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DNA is only replicated in what direction?

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5' to 3'

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DNA nucleotides with 3 hydrogen bonds?

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G-C

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DNA nucleotides with 2 hydrogen bonds?

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A-T

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The strands in DNA run in opposite directions; this is called?

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antiparallel

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Draw adenine?

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Draw guanine?

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Draw cytosine?

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Draw thymine?

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Draw uracil?

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How does the phosphate hold the DNA chain together?

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Front 44

Histones attach to DNA by ___________ binding?

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non-specific

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Transcription Factors (Tf) attach to DNA by ___________ binding?

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specific

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What are the 2 grooves in DNA?

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Major, Minor

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The major groove in DNA allows for?

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Transcription factors (Tf) to come in and bind.

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What is the general consensus when talking about how many base pairs in organisms?

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prokaryote = millions eukaryote = billions

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What is the C-value, and what is the C-value paradox?

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Mycoplasma genitalium

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bacteria, smallest

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both strands, overlap

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In general humans differ in _________ of DNA not in their __________ available.

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expression, genes

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What is arabidopsis thaliana?

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one of the first plants sequenced

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B-DNA has _____ bases per turn?

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10

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A-DNA has --- bases per turn?

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12

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What is cDNA?

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actual coding dna with the introns removed

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Identifying factor of Z-DNA

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left twistg

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Antisense rna?

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single strands that bind to DS DNA and prevents transcription, also binds to complimentary single strand RNA

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Antisense treatement?

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Formivisen injected into the eye and binds to the cytalomegavirus

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Tm is?

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The melting point for DNA. The temperature at which half the base pairs are denatured and half remain intact

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What is denaturation?

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Heating DNA until it becomes single stranded

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The Tm is directly proportional to the _-_ content? Why?

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G-C, three hydrogen bonds

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Finding the Tm is a great way to check PCR products? WHy?

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If their is more than one Tm than you know there is more than one amplicon and it is contaminated

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What is the Tm for the SRY gene?

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89.1 C

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The human genome is ______ billion base pairs?

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2.9

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_____% of the human genome codes for proteins?

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1-3

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_____% of the human genome is non-coding DNA.

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97

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Non coding dna used to be called?

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"junk dna"

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What are the three identifiable factors in a jumping gene? other names?

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Transposons, Movable Elements

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Who won the Nobel for discovering Transposons in corn?

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Barbara McClintock

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What is the purpose for transposase in jumping genes?

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copies and moves DNA, precursor to Reverse Transcriptase

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What is an LTR retrostranposon?

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Non-LTR retrotransposons consist of?

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LINE's and SINE's

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LINES encode a __________ _________ in the middle?

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Reverse Transcriptase

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LINE's are ____% of Genome?

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14.6

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Most common SINE?

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Alu

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Alu is a ________gene? and has _______ bases? and has __ million copies per genome?

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pseudo, 180-280, 1million, 10% of human genome

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Alu is cut by the restriction endonuclease ___? from what bacteria?

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Alu, Aluther bacter

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What is Reverse Transcriptase?

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What are Herv's?

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