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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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genetics
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the field of science that examines how traits are passed from one generation to the next
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genes
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snippets of DNA that are the fundamental units of heredity; they control how an organism looks, behave, and reproduces
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Classical (Mendelian) genetics
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a discipline that describes how physical characteristics (traits) are passed alone from one generation to another; the genetics of individuals and their families
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Molecular genetics
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the study of the chemical and physical structures of DNA, its close cousin RNA, and proteins; also covers how genes do their jobs
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Population genetics
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a division of genetics that looks at the genetic makeup of larger groups
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Quantitative genetics
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a highly mathematical field that examines the statistical relationship between genes and the traits they encode
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phenotypes
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physical traits of an organism
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gene expression
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how genes get turned on and off
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mutations
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accidental changes in the genetic code
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evolutionary genetics
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the study of how traits change over time
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prokaryotes
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organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and therefore have DNA floating loosely in the liquid center of the cell
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eukaryotes
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organisms that have a well-defined nucleus to house and protect the nucleus
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replication
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a simple method of asexual reproduction
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recombination
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a complex method of sexual reproduction
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mitosis
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the process of cell division
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meiosis
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the production of sex cells
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cell wall
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a prokaryotic cell's only protection from the outside world
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plasma membrane
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a membrane that regulates the exchange of nutrients, water, and gases in a bacterial cell
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membrane
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a thin sheet or layer found in cells
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chromosomes
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threadlike segments of DNA
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cytoplasm
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the liquid interior of a cell
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nucleus
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the membrane-surrounded compartment that houses the DNA that's divided into one or more chromosomes
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organelles
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a general term for cell parts that float in the cytoplasm
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mitochondria
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powerhouse of the eukaryotic cell; converts glucose to ATP and then stores it until the energy is needed
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chloroplasts
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organelles unique to plants that process the energy of sunlight into sugars; the sugars can then be used by mitochondria to create energy
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flagella
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long tails found on some eukaryotes
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cilia
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hair-like projections found on some eukaryotes
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somatic cells
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body cells unrelated to sexual reproduction; produced by simple mitosis
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sexual reproduction
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a process that combines the genetic material from two organisms and requires special preparation in the form of a reduction in the amount of genetic material allocated to sex cells
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daughter cells
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new cells created by mitosis
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sex chromosomes
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chromosomes determining the gender of an organization; humans have two, either and X and a Y or two X's
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autosomal chromosomes
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non-sex chromosomes; humans have 44
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homologs (homologous chromosomes)
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pairs of chromosomes that are identical to one other in terms of the genes they carry
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diploid
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having two sets of each chromosome
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haploid
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having one set of each chromosome
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ploidy
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the number of chromosome sets held by a particular organism
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centromere
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the middle part of a chromosome that appears pinched
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telomere
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the end of a chromosome, made of densely packed DNA and meant to protect the DNA message the chromosome carries
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alleles
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alternative versions of genes
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locus
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a specific point along a chromosome
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