Genetics Test 1

Front 1

Karyotype

Back 1

The chromosome complement of a cell or an individual. Often used to refer to the arrangement of metaphase chromosomes in a sequence according to length and centromere position

Front 2

What are the four different nucleotides of DNA.

Back 2

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine.

Front 3

What are the four different nucleotides of RNA.

Back 3

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine.

Front 4

What sugars compose the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA?

Back 4

DNA-deoxyribose
RNA-ribose

Front 5

Which DNA base pairs are bonded with a double bond?

Back 5

Adenine and Thymine

Front 6

Which DNA base pairs are bonded with a triple bond?

Back 6

Guanine and Cytosine

Front 7

What happens in the genotype of sickle cell anemia to produce the disease?

Back 7

A mutation in the gene encoding beta-globin causes an amino acid substitution in 1 of the 146 amino acids in the protein.

Front 8

What is the phenotype of sickle cell anemia?

Back 8

Hemoglobin molecules on red blood cells polymerize when the blood's oxygen concentration is low, forming long chains of hemoglobin that distort the shape of the red blood cells. The deformed cells are fragile and break easily, so that the number of red blood cells in circulation is reduced, causing anemia.

Front 9

Define the chromosome theory of inheritance

Back 9

Inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.

Front 10

Define gene

Back 10

The fundamental physical unit of heredity, whose existance can be confirmed by allelic variants and which occupies a specific chromosomal locus. A DNA sequence coding for a single polypeptide.

Front 11

Define Chromosome

Back 11

In prokaryotes, a DNA molecule containing the organism's genome; in eukaryotes, a DNA molecule complexed with RNA and proteins to form a threadlike structure containing genetic information arranged in a linear sequence; a structure that is visible during mitosis and meiosis.

Front 12

Define the use of restriction enzymes for cloning.

Back 12

can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, producing a reproducible set of fragments, these fragments can then be inserted into carrier DNA molecules to make recombinant DNA. Those are transferred into bacter, and the cells produce clones.

Front 13

What is a bacteriophage?

Back 13

A virus that attacks bacteria by injecting it's DNA into the cell.

Front 14

How did bacteriophages demonstrate that DNA was the carrier for genetic information?

Back 14

The virus (protein coat) remained outside of the cell, and only the DNA entered to direct synthesis of new proteins.

Front 15

What is a transgenic organism?

Back 15

An organism whose genome has been modified by the introduction of external DNA sequences into the germ line.

Front 16

Why are proteins able to have such diverse functions?

Back 16

Proteins are made from combinations of 20 different amino acids. The tremendous number of possible amino acid sequences leads to enormous variation in their possible 3 dimensional conformation.

Front 17

What is a model organism?

Back 17

an experimental organism conducive to efficiently conducted research whose genetics is intensively studied on the premise that the findings may be applied to other organisms.

Front 18

Name four organelles.

Back 18

Lysosome, Smooth ER, Rough ER, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, nucleus.

Front 19

What are the two phases of the cell cycle?

Back 19

Interphase and Mitosis

Front 20

What are the 3 phases of interphase?

Back 20

G1, S, and G2

Front 21

What are the 4 phases of Mitosis?

Back 21

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Front 22

What are the characteristics of prophase?

Back 22

Chromosomes coil up and condense; centrioles divide and move apart.

Front 23

what are the characteristics of metaphase?

Back 23

Centrioles align on the metaphase plate

Front 24

What are the characteristics of anaphase?

Back 24

Centromeres split, and daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles.

Front 25

What are the characteristics of telophase?

Back 25

Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles; cytokinesis commences.

Front 26

What happens during the S phase of interphase?

Back 26

DNA is replicated.

Front 27

What happens during the G0 phase of interphase?

Back 27

The cell remains viable, and metabolically active, but are not proliferative.

Front 28

Define kinetochore.

Back 28

an assembly of multilayered plates of proteins associated with the centromere used for spindle fiber attachment.

Front 29

What are the characteristics of prometaphase?

Back 29

Chromosomes are condensed, double structures. Centrioles are at the poles, spindle fibers are starting to form.

Front 30

What are the 5 stages of meiotic prophase 1?

Back 30

Leptonema, Zygonema, Pachynema, Diplonema, Diakinesis.

Front 31

What are the characteristics of Leptonema?

Back 31

Chromatin begins to condense; chromomeres are visible, homology search begins.

Front 32

What are the characteristics of Zygonema?

Back 32

Chromatin continues to condense; homologous chromosomes undergo rough pairing; synaptonemal complex begins to form.

Front 33

What are the characteristics of Pachynema?

Back 33

Chromosomes continue to coil and shorten; synaptonemal complex continues to form;

Front 34

What are the characteristics of Diplonema?

Back 34

Sister chromatids begin to separate; crossing over occurs; chiasmata remains intertwined

Front 35

What are the characteristics of Diakinesis?

Back 35

Chromosomes pull further apart, but remain associated at the chiasmata; nucleus and nuclear envelope begin to break down; centromeres attach to spindle fibers;

Front 36

What are Mendel's 4 postulates?

Back 36

1. Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors existing in pairs in individual organisms.
2. When two unlike factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, whaich is said to be recessive.
3. During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors segregate randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood.
4. When two independent events occur simultaneously, the probability of the two outcomes occurring in combination is equal to the product of their individual probabilities of occurrence.

Front 37

Why did Mendel's monohybrid crosses explain the patterns of inheritance when others could not?

Back 37

true breeding strains; he restricted examination to one or a few contracting traits; he kept accurate quantitative records.