Genetics Test 1

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ABO blood groups

Back 1

Blood system that characterizes blood on the basis of the presence of antigens

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Alleles

Back 2

Alternate forms of the same gene

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Bombay Phenotype

Back 3

• results from a rare mutation of a different gene, one involved in the formation of a precursor molecule to the A and B antigens, resulting in an O phenotype (for that individual)

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cell cycle

Back 4

PMAT—prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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centromeres

Back 5

the constricted region within a chromsome

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Chromatin

Back 6

• When cells are not undergoing division, the genetic material making up chromsomes unfolds and uncoils into a network within the nucleus

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Chromsomes

Back 7

An array of genes which serve as vehicles for transmitting genetic information

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Codominance

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• occurs when joint expression of two alleles of a gene in a heterozygote results in phenotypic detection of both gene products

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conditional probability

Back 9

when one event depends on another

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continuous variation

Back 10

Offspring are a blend of parent’s phenotypes

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Cytokinesis

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Cytoplasmic division

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daughter chromosomes

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Once splitting of the sister chromatids has occurred, the two chromatids are referred to as the daughter chromosomes

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dihybrid cross

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Cross consisting of 2 pairs of contrasting traits

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Diploid number

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2n, 2 identical chromosomes

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discontinuous variation

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variation is due to a dominance-recessive relationship between discrete or particulate units

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dominant lethal allele

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• in which case the heterozygote will not survive
• must reproduce before death

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dyad

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The separation of the tetrads have occurred and the two separate homologs now exist during metaphase(reductional phase)

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eukaryotes

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presence of a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
genes

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genes

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fundamental unit of heredity

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Genotype

Back 20

genetic makeup

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Haploid number

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Single copy of a chromsome

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Heterozygous

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Both alleles are different

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Homologs

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2 chromsomes with identical length and centromere placement

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homozygous

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both alleles are the same

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incomplete dominance

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Offspring from a cross between parents with contrasting traits may have an intermediate phenotype. No dominance

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Karyokinesis

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When the genetic material is partitioned into daughter cells during nuclear division. Cytokinisis follows

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Kinetochore

Back 27

The contact spot where the centromere is. The kinetochore grows around the centromere

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Meiosis

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leads to the production of gametes

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Mitosis

Back 29

leads to the production of two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes and parent cells.

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Multiple alleles

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any individual will have at most two alleles of the same gene

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Mutation

Back 31

source of alleles

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Nondisjunction

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Cell division error, where homologs fail to separate and migrate to opposite poles

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Non-sister chromatids

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meiosis leads to 2 non-identical chromatids

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null allele

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if the function of the allele is lost completely due to a mutation

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null hypothesis

Back 35

when we assume that data will fit a given ratio such as 1:1, 3:1, or 9:3:3:1.

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Mutation

Back 36

source of alleles

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Nondisjunction

Back 37

Cell division error, where homologs fail to separate and migrate to opposite poles

Front 38

Non-sister chromatids

Back 38

meiosis leads to 2 non-identical chromatids

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null allele

Back 39

if the function of the allele is lost completely due to a mutation

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null hypothesis

Back 40

when we assume that data will fit a given ratio such as 1:1, 3:1, or 9:3:3:1.

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Mutation

Back 41

source of alleles

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Nondisjunction

Back 42

Cell division error, where homologs fail to separate and migrate to opposite poles

Front 43

Non-sister chromatids

Back 43

meiosis leads to 2 non-identical chromatids

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null allele

Back 44

if the function of the allele is lost completely due to a mutation

Front 45

null hypothesis

Back 45

when we assume that data will fit a given ratio such as 1:1, 3:1, or 9:3:3:1.

Front 46

Mutation

Back 46

source of alleles

Front 47

Nondisjunction

Back 47

Cell division error, where homologs fail to separate and migrate to opposite poles

Front 48

Non-sister chromatids

Back 48

meiosis leads to 2 non-identical chromatids

Front 49

null allele

Back 49

if the function of the allele is lost completely due to a mutation

Front 50

null hypothesis

Back 50

when we assume that data will fit a given ratio such as 1:1, 3:1, or 9:3:3:1.

Front 51

Karyokinesis

Back 51

When the genetic material is partitioned into daughter cells during nuclear division. Cytokinisis follows

Front 52

Kinetochore

Back 52

The contact spot where the centromere is. The kinetochore grows around the centromere

Front 53

Meiosis

Back 53

leads to the production of gametes

Front 54

Mitosis

Back 54

leads to the production of two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes and parent cells.

Front 55

Multiple alleles

Back 55

any individual will have at most two alleles of the same gene

Front 56

Mutation

Back 56

source of alleles

Front 57

Nondisjunction

Back 57

Cell division error, where homologs fail to separate and migrate to opposite poles

Front 58

Non-sister chromatids

Back 58

meiosis leads to 2 non-identical chromatids

Front 59

null allele

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if the function of the allele is lost completely due to a mutation

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null hypothesis

Back 60

when we assume that data will fit a given ratio such as 1:1, 3:1, or 9:3:3:1.

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oogenesis

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production of eggs

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Phenotype

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physical expression of genetic makeup

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product law

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when two pairs of contrasting traits are inherited independently

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recessive lethal allele

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when an allele can survive in the heterozygous state, but not the homozygous state

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sister chromatids

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2 identical chromatids that are connected by the centromere. Will divide further into 2 seperation chromsomes

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Spermatogenesis

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Production of male gametes

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sum law

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Calculates the probability when the possible outcome of 2 events are independent of eachother

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test cross

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A testcross is a way to determine whether an individual displaying the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait

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tetrad

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4 chromatids that are present in Metaphase I

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Wild-type

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allele is the one that occurs most frequently in nature that is often dominant(non-mutant)