Genetics Test 1

Front 1

traits for model organism

Back 1

• Short generation time
• Large number of offspring
• Easy and inexpensive to maintain
• Phenotypes that occur in other
organisms
• Sequenced genome

Front 2

categorical traits at one extreme or the other

Back 2

discrete

Front 3

phenotype ratio for monohybrid cross

Back 3

3:1 dominant to recessive

Front 4

variant form of a gene

Back 4

allele

ex) tallness or shortness

Front 5

During gamete formation, the two
alleles separate (segregate) randomly,
with each gamete having an equal
probability of either allele

Back 5

law of segregation

Front 6

F2 generation phenotype ratio in dihybrid cross

Back 6

9:3:3:1

Front 7

The alleles for one gene can segregate
independently of alleles for other genes

Back 7

law of independent assortment

ex) whether gamete gets W or w it doesn't influence if it will get G or g

Front 8

-the most commonly occurring
characteristic in nature

Back 8

wild type

Front 9

-any allele other than wild-type

Back 9

mutant

Front 10

this rule is used for mutually exclusive events

Back 10

sum rule

key word: or

Front 11

rule used for independent outcomes

Back 11

product rule

key word: AND

Front 12

if calculated chi square test is ___ than critical value, then ___ the null hypothesis

Back 12

less; fail to reject

- The data are consistent with the genetic model used to
generate the expected values.

Front 13

true or false- prokaryotes have no true nucleus, no nuclear membrane

Back 13

true
- divide by binary fission, DNA located in nucleoid

Front 14

type of chromatin that is more tightly packed & cannot transcribe genes

Back 14

heterochromatin

Front 15

type of chromatin that is more loosely packed, & may be transcriptionally active

Back 15

euchromatin

Front 16

where sister chromatids attach

Back 16

centromere

Front 17

centromere in middle

Back 17

metacentric

Front 18

centromere at tip of chromosome

Back 18

telocentric

Front 19

centromere near end but not at tip

Back 19

acrocentric

Front 20

slightly off-center centromere

Back 20

submetacentric

Front 21

homologous pairs of chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest

Back 21

karyotypes

Front 22

chromosomes that are same size, shape, have same banding pattern & same genes

Back 22

homologous chromosomes
- may have different alleles

Front 23

what are phases of cell cycle

Back 23

G1, S, G2, M

Front 24

MPF is made up of what 2 proteins

Back 24

cyclin b & CDC2

Front 25

true or false- M checkpoint is a cyclin regulated checkpoint

Back 25

false

- spindle attachment checkpoint- make sure spindle is attached correctly

Front 26

in S phase it is __ n and __ c

Back 26

2n and 4c

Front 27

each daughter cell and end of mitosis is __ n and __ c

Back 27

2n and 2c

Front 28

what happens in prophase of mitosis

Back 28

- chromosome condensation
- nuclear envelope breakdown
- disappearance of nucleolus
- chromosomes replicate
- centrosomes appear

Front 29

attach to kinetochore proteins true or false

Back 29

true

Front 30

these microtubules don't attach to kinetochores & interact w/ microtubules from opposite poles

Back 30

polar microtubules

Front 31

phase where chromosomes move to metaphase plate, each chromosome has its sister chromatids attached to opposite poles, chromosomes not in pairs

Back 31

metaphase (mitosis)

Front 32

phase in mitosis where sister chromatids separate & move toward poles

Back 32

anaphase

Front 33

role of mitosis in life cycle is:

Back 33

division of somatic cells

Front 34

Meiosis I is ___ division while meiosis II is __ division

Back 34

reductional; equational

Front 35

stage in prophase I where chromosome condensation & bouquet stage occurs

Back 35

leptonema

Front 36

stage in prophase I where pairing of homologous chromosomes to form bivalents

Back 36

zygonema

Front 37

stage in prophase I where synapsis, homologs are held together by synaptonemal complex, & crossing over occurs

Back 37

pachynema

Front 38

stage in prophase I where tetrads & synaptonemal complex disintegrates

Back 38

dipolema

Front 39

stage in prophase I where nuclear envelope breaks down & chiasmata migrate toward tips of chromosomes

Back 39

diakinesis

Front 40

when chiasmata migrates toward tips of chromosomes its called

Back 40

terminalization

Front 41

___ complex is proteinacous structure that holds homologs together

Back 41

synaptonemal
- 2 lateral elements & 1 central element

Front 42

- physical exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes
- reciprocal exchange
- breaking & rejoining DNA
- covalent bonds broken & reformed

Back 42

crossing over

Front 43

phase in meiosis where homologous pairs allign at metaphase plate

Back 43

metaphase I

Front 44

phase in meiosis where homologs separate

Back 44

anaphase I
- both sister chromatids are attached

Front 45

at end of spermatogenesis there are how many sperm cells

Back 45

4
all haploid

Front 46

in bees, males are ___ and females are ___

Back 46

haploid & diplid

Front 47

___ sex has XX

Back 47

homogametic

Front 48

___ sex has XY

Back 48

heterogametic

Front 49

homologs pair in meiosis due to ___ regions

Back 49

pseudoautosomal

Front 50

gene is on the chromosome

Back 50

sex-linked inheritance

Front 51

trait is expressed in only one gender & the gene is autosomal

Back 51

sex-limited

Front 52

trait is dominant in one gender & recessive in the other
- gene is autosomal

Back 52

sex-influenced

Front 53

phenotype ratio for incomplete dominance

Back 53

1:2:1

Front 54

where one gene affects two or more phenotypes

Back 54

pleitropy
- dominance relationships may be different for each phenotype
ex) sickle-celled anemia

Front 55

in complementation, if 1 gene is involved then..

Back 55

there is non-complementation

Front 56

in complementation, if 2 genes are involved then

Back 56

complementation occurs

Front 57

if there is a lethal allele, the phenotype ratio is

Back 57

2:1

Front 58

a phenotype affected by the environment that mimics an inherited phenotype

Back 58

phenocopies
ex) rickets

Front 59

dominant lethal mutations can occur under what 2 circumstances

Back 59

1. late onset
2. incomplete penetrance

Front 60

who thought of preformation & homoculus

Back 60

greeks in 400-500 bc

Front 61

subdiscipline in genetics that deals with changes in allele frequencies in
populations over time

Back 61

population & evolutionary genetics

Front 62

in male plant reproductive structures are

Back 62

anther & filament
- remove anther to cross-fertilize