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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetics
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the study of heredity of physical traits encoded by genes
ex. biological features transmitted from parent to offspring |
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Genes
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DNA sequences that encode genetic information
The unit of hereditary information ex. physical attributes mutation, expression and interaction, variation a specific sequence of nucleotides |
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Recombinant DNA technology
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splicing DNA of one organism into another organism as a form of treatment
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Phylogeny
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hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among living organisms based on physical traits and/or DNA sequences
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Properties of genetic information
1 Diversity of structure 2 Ability to replicate 3 Mutability 4 Expression |
1 chemical diversity of molecules can explain/cause observed phenotypic variation
2 can make copies of the molecule w/ fidelity (no mistakes) 3 mechanism to introduce variation in genetic information 4 genetic info to phenotypic attributes 4 |
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Alleles
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alternate forms of a gene
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Chromosome
Locus |
Where genes are located
separated during mitosis and meiosis The physical location of a gene on ^ |
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1 Genotype
2 Phenotype 3 traits 4 character |
1 genetic information in DNA sequences
2 expressed traits 3 physical/shown (ex. blue/brown) 4 specific thing/location (ex. eye color) |
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Mutation
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alleles are a result of heritable change in genetic information passes from cell to cell and from parent to offspring
may produce variation in RNA or Protein function |
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Evolution
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heritable changes in allele frequencies in populations
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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
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information flow from DNA to RNA to protein
replication (DNA to DNA) transcription (DNA to RNA) translation (RNA to protein) |
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Replication
Semiconservative Replication DNA Polymerase |
process of copying double stranded DNA molecule
each strand of DNA is a template for replication and therefore creates two daughter molecules enzyme that makes DNA copy of both strands of DNA |
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Transcription
RNA Polymerase mRNA vs fRNA |
First step of gene expression- DNA copied to RNA molecule.
enzyme that makes and RNA copy of one strand of DNA encoded by a gene translates into a protein vs function a RNA molecules |
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Translation
Ribosome |
second step of gene expression- mRNA copied to protein/polypeptide
large complex of rRNA and protein that translates mRNA into a protein message |
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cotranscriptional (RNA) and post-translational (Protein) processing
reverse transcription |
modification made to RNA and polypeptide that influence activity and function of gene products (functional RNA or protein)
synthesis of DNA from RNA in retroviruses or retrotransposons |
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Genome
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all of the genetic information of an organism contained in a haploid set of chromosomes
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Transmission genetics
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inheritance of genes from generation to generation
-studying how phenotypes are passed |
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Population and quantitative genetics
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behavior and inheritance of genes within and among populations of organisms
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Molecular Genetics
nucleotides |
chemical nature, structure, and function of genes
building blocks of DNA made of a sugar group, phosphate group, and a base (A, T, C, G) |
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pangenesis
gemmules |
500BC to late 1800
many parts of the body send info to the reproductive organs via ___________ into the reproductive organs that are passed to offspring |
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics
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500BC to early 1800
traits occur over a lifetime and are passed to offspring |
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preformationism
homonculus |
1600-1700
one parent contains ________ in gametes and enlarges during development only one parent contributes phenotypes |
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Blending inheritance
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1700-1800
offspring are a blend of parental traits |
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germ-plasm theory
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end of 1800
parents contribute complete set of genetic info in gametes |
