Genetics Study Cards Exam 1

Front 1

a unit of heredity that may influence the outcome of an organism's traits. At molecular level, contains the info to make a functional product, either RNA or protein

Back 1

Gene

Front 2

an alternative form of a specific gene

Back 2

Allele

Front 3

the genetic composition of an individual, especially in terms of alleles for a particular gene

Back 3

Genotype

Front 4

the observable traits of an organism

Back 4

Phenotype

Front 5

type of nuclear division into two nuclei, such that each daughter cell will receive the same complement of chromosomes.

Back 5

mitosis

Front 6

form of nuclear division in which the sorting process results in the production of haploid cells from a diploid cell

Back 6

meiosis

Front 7

describes an allele that determines the phenotype in the heterozygous condition. VS describes a trait or gene that is masked by the presence of a dominant trait or gene

Back 7

Dominant/Recessive

Front 8

describes a diploid individual who has two identical alleles of a particular gene
vs
describes a diploid individual who has different copies (2 different alleles) of the same gene

Back 8

Homozygote vs Heterozygote

Front 9

two unit factors coming apart at gamete (egg/pollen) formation

Back 9

Segregation

Front 10

an experimental cross between a recessive individual and an individual whose genotype the experimenter wishes to determine.

Back 10

Test Cross

Front 11

the probability of two independent events occurring together is equal to the probability of event 1 multiplied by the probability of event 2

Back 11

Law of Product

Front 12

the probability of events being mutually exclusive is equal to the probability of event one plus the probability of event 2

Back 12

Law of Sum

Front 13

Mendel's 4 Postulates

Back 13

Genes come in pairs
Dominant and Recessive
Segregation
Independent Assortment

Front 14

During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

Back 14

Law of Independent Assortment

Front 15

circles represent women
squares represent males
darkly shaded represent affected individuals
not shaded represents unaffected individuals

Back 15

Pedigree Analysis

Front 16

a hypothesis that assumes there is no real difference between the observed and expected values

Back 16

Null Hypothesis

Front 17

number of classes-1

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Degrees of Freedom

Front 18

X^2= ∑ (observed-expected)^2/ expected

A statistical test to determine the probability that observed numbers differ from expected numbers by chance, or not

Back 18

Chi Squared Statistic

Front 19

each type of chromosome is a member of a pair

Back 19

diploid

Front 20

a pair of chromosomes where each of the chromosomes is nearly identical in size, has the same banding pattern, and contains a similar composition of genetic material with its other chromosome

Back 20

homologous

Front 21

The G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as this

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Interphase

Front 22

Cell Cycle

Back 22

phases:
G for Gap,
S for Synthesis
M for Mitosis

Front 23

a cell may prepare to divide
Cell reaches a restriction point and is committed on the pathway leading to cell divison

Back 23

G1 phase

Front 24

chromosomes are replicated; 2 chromosomes called chromatids join together at the centromere

Back 24

S phase

Front 25

cell accumulates the materials needed for nuclear and cell divison

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G2 phase

Front 26

phase in which Mitosis occurs- distributes the replicated chromosomes, dividing one cell nucleus into 2 nuclei so each daughter receives the same complement of chromosomes

Back 26

M phase

Front 27

two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells; also segregates cell organelles

Back 27

cytokinesis