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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phenotype
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Observable characteristics
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Alleles
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Alternate forms of a gene
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Independent assortment
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Alleles of one gene separate into gametes randomly with respect to alleles of other genes
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Gametes
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Reproductive cells containing only one copy of each gene
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Gene
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The heritable entity that determines a characteristic
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Segregation
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The separation of the two alleles of a gene into different gametes
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Heterozygote
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An individual with two different alleles of a gene
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Dominant
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The allele expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote
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F1
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Offspring of the P generation
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Test cross
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The cross of an individual of ambiguous genotype with a homozygous recessive individual
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Genotype
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The alleles that an individual has
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Recessive
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The gene that does not contribute to the phenotype of the heterozygote
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Dihybrid cross
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A cross between individuals both heterozygous for the two genes
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Homozygote
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having two identical alleles of a given gene
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Epistasis
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The alleles of one gene mask the effects of alleles of another gene
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Modifier gene
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Genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes
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Conditional lethal
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A genotype that is lethal in some situation (for example, high temperature) but viable in others
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Permissive condition
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Environmental conditions that allow conditional lethals to live
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Reduced penetrance
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Less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype
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Multifactortial trait
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A trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment
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Incomplete dominance
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The heterozygote resembles neither homozygote
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Codominance
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Both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F1 hybrids
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Histocompatibility antigens
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Cell surface molecules that are involved in the immune system and are highly variable
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Mutation
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A heritable change in a gene
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Pleiotropy
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One gene affecting more than one phenotype
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Variable expressivity
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Individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity
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Meiosis
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One diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells
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Gametes
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Haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization
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Karyotype
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The array of chromosomes in a given cell
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Mitosis
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One diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells that are genetically identical
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Interphase
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The part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible
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Syncytium
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An animal cell containing more than one nucleus
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Synapsis
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Pairing of homologous chromosomes
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Sex chromosomes
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X any Y
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Cytokinesis
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Division of cytoplasm
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Anaphase
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The time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate
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Chromatid
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One of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome
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Autosomes
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Chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes
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Centromere
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Connection between sister chromotids
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Centrosomes
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Microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles
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Polar body
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Cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete
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Spermatocytes
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Cells in the testes that undergo meiosis
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Recombination
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Formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
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Linkage
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When two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
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Chi-Square Test
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A statistical method of testing the fit between observed and expected results
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Chiasma
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Structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
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Tetratype
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An ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
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Locus
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The relative chromosomal location of a gene
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Coefficient of coincidence
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The ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers
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Interference
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One crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
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Parental ditype
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An ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
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First-division segregation
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When the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
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Mosaic
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The individual composed of cells with different genotypes
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Ascospores
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Fungal spores contained in a sac
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Genes
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The basic units of biological information; recognized as a region of DNA that encodes a specific protein or a particular type of RNA
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Heredity
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The way genes transmit biochemical, anatomical, and behavioral traits from parents to offspring
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Genetics
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The study of heredity
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Artificial selection
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Purposeful control over mating by choice of parents for the next generation
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Self-fertilization
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Both egg and pollen come from the same plant, or species of the same genotype.
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Cross-fertilize
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Egg and pollen come from a different plant, or species with different genotype.
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Pure-breeding lines
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Produce offspring carrying specific parental traits that remain constant from generation to generation
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Hybrid
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Cross fertilization of parents production of offspring that are genetically dissimilar of the parents
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Reciprocal crosses
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Crosses in which traits in males and females are reversed, thereby controlling whether a particular trait is transmitted by the egg or the pollen
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Monohybrid crosses
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Hybrids for a single trait
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F2
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Progeny of the F1 Genereration
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Monohybrids
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Individuals having two different alleles for a single trait
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Zygote
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At fertilization, when the sperm unites with the egg and restores two copies of the gene for each train in the fertilized egg
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Law of Segregation
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The two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation, and then unite at random, one from each parent, at fertilization
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Product rule
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The probability of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of the probabilities that each even will occur by itself
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Sum rule
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The probability of two such mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.
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Parental types
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The F2 progeny looks like the original parents (P Generation)
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Recombinant types
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New phenotypes that do not look like the original parents.
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Law of Independent Assortment
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During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other.
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Pedigree
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A family history in an orderly diagram relevant to genetic features of each family
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Multifactorial
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Determined by two or more factors, including multiple genes interacting with each other or one or more genes interacting with each other or one or more genes interacting with the environment
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Allele frequency
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The allele of genes account for a percentage of the total number of gene copies
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Wild-type allele
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An allele whose frequency is greater than 1%
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Mutant allele
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An allele whose frequency is less than 1%
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Recessive Lethality
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Homozygous reccessive alleles that cause the organism to die
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Epistasis
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An allele of one gene hides the effects of another gene
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Penetrance
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How many memebers of a population with a particular genotype show the expected phenotype
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Expressivity
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Degree to which a particular genotype is expressed in a phenotype
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Modifier genes
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Alter the phenotypes produced by the alleles of other genes
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Conditional lethal
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Gene is lethal under certain conditions
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Permissive
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Conditions that keep lethal gene viable
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Restrictive
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Conditions that make the lethal gene lethal
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Polygenic
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Controlled by multiple genes
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