Genetics Lecture 10 Cards (Chapter 12)

Front 1

G-Banding

Back 1

Can look at the Eu- and Hetero- chromatin

Front 2

Chromosome paining

Back 2

New tech. that marks each chromosome in it's specific location (with a dye)

Front 3

Karyotype

Back 3

22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes

Front 4

Largest chromosome is ____

Back 4

1

Front 5

Smallest chromosome is ____

Back 5

21

Front 6

If the centromere is in the middle it's a ____ chromosome

Back 6

Metacentric

Front 7

Slight above/below centromere it's a ____ chromosome

Back 7

submetacentric

Front 8

A bit more above centromere it's a ____ chromosome

Back 8

sdf

Front 9

All the way on the top centromere it's a _____ chromosome

Back 9

sdf

Front 10

Mitosis parental and daughter cells are identical _____

Back 10

chromosome

Front 11

Meiosis Haploid cells are _____

Back 11

genetically different

Front 12

The evidence of the cross over of the hmologous pair of chroosomes

Back 12

Chiasma

Front 13

___ chromosome has about no crossover with other chromosomes

Back 13

Y

Front 14

Male spermozoa have a higher ____ than females

Back 14

chance of mutation

Front 15

___ sex determination: only some somes, not the sex ones, is invovled

Back 15

Genic

Front 16

X-Y System:

Back 16

XX female, XY male (humans, mammals)

Front 17

X-O system:

Back 17

XX is female X is male (grasshopper)

Front 18

Z-W system:

Back 18

ZW is female ZZ is male (Brids, moth, and fish)

Front 19

Haplo-diploid system:

Back 19

females (fert.) are diploid and male (unfert) are haploid (ants, wasps and bees)

Front 20

Mamallian X and Y genes are ocated on bird chromosome __ and __4,

Back 20

1, 4

Front 21

W and Z chromosomes are on _ and __ of mammals

Back 21

5, 0

Front 22

The mammalian and bird sex chromsomes have different ____ pairs

Back 22

autosomal

Front 23

Sex is determined by the ratio of the number of ___ chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes

Back 23

X

Front 24

XX females are ____

Back 24

homogametic

Front 25

XY males are ____

Back 25

heterogametic

Front 26

Y-chromosome has no effect on male ____ but it is required for male fertility

Back 26

sex-determination

Front 27

___ plants: male and female flowers on different plants (ex: Ginkgo) have the XY system most likely

Back 27

Dioecious

Front 28

____ plants: male and female flowers are on the same plant: Imperfect flowers

Back 28

Monoecious plants

Front 29

_____ flower - stamen and pistel on the same flower: rose, bettercup: Self-fertilization

Back 29

perfect

Front 30

In species of reptiles, including alligators, some turtles, sex is determined by the ___ at which the egg is incubated

Back 30

tempertaure

Front 31

Some species, such as some snails, practice:

Back 31

sex change (age specific)

Front 32

The common earthworm and certain snails can be ______

Back 32

hermaphrodites

Front 33

A few species of fish, reptiles, and insects reproduce by parthenogenesis, meaning they are _____ altogether

Back 33

female

Front 34

Parthenogenesis is reproduction in the ovum without ______

Back 34

fertilization

Front 35

In some arthropods, mating behavior is determined by _____

Back 35

infection (ie bacteria of the genus Wolbachia)

Front 36

Platypus has ____ sex chromosomes but lacks the ______ gene

Back 36

10, SRY (mammalian sex-determining gene)

Front 37

Hemizygous

Back 37

Only one chromosome (ie X and Y chromosome in male)

Front 38

The gene transmission shown in the cross from male tofemale offspring (child), to a male grand child.

Back 38

Criss-Cross Inheritance

Front 39

Non-disjunction can involve either ____ or ____ chromosomes

Back 39

autosomes, sex

Front 40

occurs in an individual with a normal set of sex chromosomes: X and Y

Back 40

Primary non-disjunction

Front 41

when it occurs with an abnormal set of sex chromosomes: XX and Y1

Back 41

Secondary non-disjunction

Front 42

Klinefelter syndrome chromosomes

Back 42

XXY (44 autosomes, 47 chromosomes), XXXY, or XXYY

Front 43

Female contains two copies of X-linked genes. Femalescontain a highly condensed mass of chromatin of one X chromosome, called _______

Back 43

Barr body

Front 44

Male XY does or does not contain the Barr body?

Back 44

no

Front 45

The Barr body is a highly condensed,and transcriptionally inactive X-chromosome.

Back 45

Lyon Hypothesis

Front 46

The X-chromosome (maternally or paternally derived) is randomly ______

Back 46

inactivated

Front 47

X-inactivation is an _____ silencing

Back 47

epigenetic (def. relating to gene expression)

Front 48

X-inactivation occurs about ___ day after fertilization in humans

Back 48

16th

Front 49

No such mechanism exists for extra _______

Back 49

autosomes

Front 50

Mammals with an extra ___ usually die

Back 50

autosomes

Front 51

X-inactivation is selected by the X-controlling element (Xce) in the ___ region

Back 51

XIC

Front 52

Inactivation (X): the gene ___ is expressed from the inactive-X

Back 52

Xist

Front 53

The Xist gene transcript is 17 kb. During inactivation, this ___ coats chromosomes to be inactivated and silences most of it's genes

Back 53

RNA

Front 54

Y-linked inheritance is a _____ trait

Back 54

holandric

Front 55

An example of Y-linked inheritance trait is ____ ears

Back 55

hairy

Front 56

Cytology is the study of:

Back 56

the branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells. (chromosomes)

Front 57

Species with 2 copies of each type of chromosome are considered:

Back 57

diploid

Front 58

Humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes

Back 58

23

Front 59

In G-banding, chromosomes are treated with mild heat or proteolytic enzymes that ____ the chromosomes proteins partially with Giemsa stain to produce dark bands called G-bands

Back 59

digest

Front 60

The arms of chromosomal pairs have one arm and another arm, the smaller one is labeled with the letter ____ and the bigger ____

Back 60

p, q

Front 61

The chromosomes in humans are labeled from A to G because:

Back 61

they have similar morphology

Front 62

G-banding shows about ____ G-bands at metaphase

Back 62

300

Front 63

G-banding shows about ____ bands in prophase

Back 63

1000

Front 64

The BRCA1 (breast cancer susceptibility) gene is located on the chromosome:

Back 64

At 17q21 (chromosome 17, long arm, region 21)

Front 65

Regions are counted are assigned from the ____ outward

Back 65

centromere

Front 66

Mitosis parental and duaghter cells have ____ chromosomes

Back 66

identical

Front 67

Meiosis creates haploids (4) that are genetically _____

Back 67

different

Front 68

During interphase chromosomes are elongated and replicated in the S phase giving two exact copies called ______ chromatids

Back 68

sister

Front 69

When the sister chromatids and their centromeres separate they becomes _____ chromosomes

Back 69

daughter

Front 70

Chromosome number is ___ in all cells of a species

Back 70

constant

Front 71

Eukaryotic microorganism sexes are specified by ____ differences at a small number of gene loci

Back 71

allelic differences

Front 72

TDF (Testis determining factor) on ___ causes gonad tissue to differentiate into testis instead of ovaries

Back 72

Y

Front 73

An absence of Y chromosome, the gonads develop as ____

Back 73

ovaries

Front 74

A haploid eukaryotes has two sexes: __ and __ mating types

Back 74

a and alpha

Front 75

The mating types of these haploid microorganism have the same ____

Back 75

morphologies

Front 76

Mating types of haploid microorganisms are determined by Mat-___ and Mat-___ alleles respectively of a single gene

Back 76

a and alpha

Front 77

Sex-linked genes (X Y) are connected to other ______

Back 77

phenotypes (ie skin color, eye color, etc.)

Front 78

____ (1910) found a mutant white eyed male fly, and used it to show a gene for eye color on the X chromosome (Nobel prize in 1933, 1st geneticist)

Back 78

Morgan

Front 79

The condition of X-linked genes in males is said to be ____ because only allele present in the male on X chromosome, there is not homologous gene on the Y chromosome

Back 79

hemizygous

Front 80

The ____ shows in the cross from male to female offspring (child), to a male grand child

Back 80

Criss-Cross Inheritance

Front 81

When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move to opposite poles at anaphase (meiosis) _____ takes place

Back 81

non-disjunction

Front 82

Non-disjunction can involves autosomes or ____

Back 82

sex chromosomes

Front 83

Primary non-disjunction

Back 83

occurs with X and Y (normal set)

Front 84

Secondary non-disjunction

Back 84

occurs with XX and Y (abnormal set)

Front 85

Turner Syndrome patients have these chromosomes:

Back 85

44 autosomes and 1 X

Front 86

Symptoms of Turner syndrome

Back 86

short, web-like neck, underdeveloped breast, immature internal sexual organs, and infertile

Front 87

Symptoms for Klienfelter syndrome

Back 87

Taller and underdeveloped testis, subnormal intelligence, some degree of breast development