Genetics Lecture 1

Front 1

A _____ i a single unit of heredity.

Back 1

gene

Front 2

genes are located on _____.

Back 2

chromosomes

Front 3

a _______ is a single molecule of dna.

Back 3

chromosome

Front 4

the sum total of chromosomes/dna makes up the _____

Back 4

genome

Front 5

the genome dictates all the _______ properties of that species.

Back 5

inherent.

Front 6

Humans are (diploid/haploid)?

Back 6

diploid

Front 7

Haploid organisms contain only one copy of each _______.

Back 7

chromosome

Front 8

DNA is a double helix. (T/F)

Back 8

T

Front 9

______ are the functional regions of DNA.

Back 9

genes

Front 10

THe pehenomona whereby the # of chromosomes do not reflect the complexity of organisms is known as

Back 10

The K-value paradox.

Front 11

Homo sapiens have __ chromosomes.

Back 11

46

Front 12

Homosapeiens have ____ chromosome pairs.

Back 12

23

Front 13

Male humans have a
___ and a ___ sex chromosome.

Back 13

X & Y

Front 14

Females have a _ and a _ sex chromosome.

Back 14

X & X

Front 15

Mendels work took place in _____.

Back 15

1860

Front 16

Mendel's work was ignored until ____.

Back 16

the turn of the 19/20th century.

Front 17

the ____ ____ generation is the progeny from the cross of true breeding parents.

Back 17

first filial

Front 18

The first filial generation is designated

Back 18

F1

Front 19

the first filial generation is _____

Back 19

all dominant

Front 20

the parental generation is designated

Back 20

P

Front 21

In the ___ ____ generation, F1 individuals are crossed to each other.

Back 21

second filial

Front 22

the second filial generation is designated ___.

Back 22

F2

Front 23

Genotypicaly, the F2 generation is __:__

Back 23

1:2:1

Front 24

Phenotypically, the F2 generation is _:_

Back 24

3:1

Front 25

If an event is certain to happen, its prob is _

Back 25

1

Front 26

If an event cannot happen, its prop is ___

Back 26

0

Front 27

If it is simply possible but not certain that a event will happen, its prop is...

Back 27

between 0 and 1

Front 28

the probability that two independent events will both happen is found by ...

Back 28

multiply the probabilities of the individual events.

Front 29

A monohybrid self cross would be __x__.

Back 29

Ss x Ss

Front 30

In a monohybrid self cross, the probabilty of a gamete being S is __

Back 30

1/2

Front 31

In a monohybrid self cross, the prob that an F2 plant will be SS is __

Back 31

1/4 (1/2 x 1/2)

Front 32

In a monohybrid self cross, the prob that an F2 plant will be ss is __

Back 32

1/4 (1/2 x 1/2)

Front 33

The rule of the ______ states: The probability that any two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their probabilities

Back 33

the rule of product

Front 34

The rule of the ____ states: The probability that either of two mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of their individual probabilities.

Back 34

the rule of the sum

Front 35

The probability that any two or more ______ events will occur together is the product of their probabilities

Back 35

independent

Front 36

The probability that either of two ______ events will occur is the sum of their individual probabilities.

Back 36

mutually exclusive

Front 37

The probability of an event that can occur in two or more different ways is found by ...

Back 37

the sum of the individual probabilities of each of those ways.

Front 38

In a monohybrid cross a genotype of Ss can occur ___ different ways.

Back 38

2.
S in the female gamete (egg) and s in the male gamete (sperm) = Ss = 1/4
OR
s in the female gamete (egg) and S in the male gamete (sperm) = sS = 1/4

Front 39

Thus the probability of heterozygotes (Ss) in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is
P(Ss) = Ss + sS = 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2

Back 39

1/2
(Ss + sS = 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2)

Front 40

Law of _____ states : Alleles that define traits segregate in the next division.

Back 40

segregation

Front 41

Alleles that define traits _______ in the next division.

Back 41

segregation

Front 42

If a SU x ss cross produces 4 dominantly phenotyed results, then the U gamete must be a _.

Back 42

S

Front 43

If an SU x ss cross takes place and the phenotype shows 2 dominant and two recessive then the U gamete is a ___.

Back 43

S

Front 44

A test cross is the cross of an unknown genotype and a _________.

Back 44

Homozygous recessive

Front 45

In a test cross, if the unknown is homozygous the phenotypic ratio will be ___:___.

Back 45

1:0

Front 46

In a test cross, if the unknown is heterozygous the phenotypic ratio will be ___:___.

Back 46

1:1

Front 47

A dihybrid cross is a cross considering ____ _____.

Back 47

2 characters (such as SsYy x SsYy)

Front 48

A dihybrid cross of SsYy x SsYy, will show _:_.

Back 48

9:3:3:3 (F2)

Front 49

For the out come of a ___ ____, multiply the outcomes from each of the individual monohybrid components.

Back 49

Dihybrid cross

Front 50

In a dihybrid cross, SsYy x SsYy, what is the probability of SSYy?

Back 50

1/8 ( SS= 1/4; Yy = 1/2, so 1/4 x 1/2 = 1/8)

Front 51

Hybrids between two ________ characters in relation to one trait (F1) were always identical with one of the parents.

Back 51

Contrasting

Front 52

When two traits are considered, each trait behaves ______ of each other during crosses.

Back 52

Independently

Front 53

Law of _______ : Alternative trait forms (alleles) of a specific trait which come together in offspring separate when producing gametes.

Back 53

Segregation

Front 54

Law of _____: Hybrids between two alternative forms of a trait resembles one of the parental types which is considered to be dominant over the other parental type which is by definition the recessive form.

Back 54

dominance.

Front 55

A _____ cross involves one character (seed shape) and 2 different traits (spherical or wrinkled).

Back 55

Monohybrid

Front 56

The units responsible for inheritance are discrete particles that exist within an organism in pairs and separate during gamete formation; this is called the ________ ______.

Back 56

Particulate theory.

Front 57

During _______, only one of the pair for a given character passes to the gamete.

Back 57

Gamete production

Front 58

When ________ occurs, the zygote gets one unit from each parent, restoring the pair.

Back 58

Fertilization

Front 59

Mendel’s second law: _______.

Back 59

The law of independent assortment.

Front 60

The law of independent assortment: alleles of different genes (e.g., Ss and Yy ) assort into gametes independently of each other (T/F).

Back 60

T

Front 61

The dihybrid SsYy produces four possible gametes that have one allele of each gene: __, __, __, and __.

Back 61

SY, Sy, sY, and sy.

Front 62

Because humans cannot be studied using planned crosses, human geneticists rely on _____, which show phenotype segregation in several generations of related individuals.

Back 62

Pedigrees

Front 63

Because humans cannot be studied using planned crosses, human geneticists rely on _____, which show phenotype segregation in several generations of related individuals. Pedigrees

Back 63

Pedigrees

Front 64

Human pedigrees show clear proportions (T/F).

Back 64

F

Front 65

Square is the m/f symbol?

Back 65

Male

Front 66

Circle is the m/f symbol?

Back 66

Female

Front 67

Diamond is ____.

Back 67

Sex unspecified

Front 68

Double mating line is _____.

Back 68

Consanguineous mating

Front 69

Diagonal line is ____.

Back 69

Death

Front 70

Dizygotic twins are identical/ nonidentical?

Back 70

Nonidentical

Front 71

Monozygotic twins show a _____.

Back 71

Line of connection

Front 72

Colored in means ____.

Back 72

Affected individual

Front 73

Who loves you more than anything?

Back 73

Blair ruth Wallace

Front 74

Different alleles exist because any gene is subject to ______ into a stable, heritable new form.

Back 74

Mutation

Front 75

The most common allele in the population is called the _____.

Back 75

Wild type

Front 76

Other alleles, often called _____, may produce a phenotype different from that of the wild-type allele.

Back 76

Mutant alleles

Front 77

A genetic locus is considered ______ if the wild-type allele has a frequency of less than 99 percent in a population.

Back 77

Polymorphic

Front 78

A genetic locus is considered polymorphic if the wild-type allele has a frequency of less than ___ percent in a population.

Back 78

99%

Front 79

_____ Disorder: phenotype is determined by the recessive allele which is masked by the dominant allele.

Back 79

Recessive

Front 80

Horizontal pattern of inheritance indicates a rare ______ ______.

Back 80

Recessive trait

Front 81

Albinism is an _____ _____ disorder.

Back 81

Autosomal recessive

Front 82

In a autosomal recessive disorder the Aa is not a carrier (T/F)?

Back 82

F

Front 83

In an Autosomal recessive disorder parents of affected individuals are ______.

Back 83

Carriers

Front 84

In an autosomal recessive disorder, both grandparents on each side must be a carrier (T/F)?

Back 84

F, only one grandparent from both sides must be a carrier.

Front 85

In a autosomal recessive disorder, unaffected siblings must have two normal alleles (T/F)?

Back 85

F, only one.

Front 86

In a autosomal recessive disorder, unrelated grandparents are likely to be ______ _________.

Back 86

Homozygous normal

Front 87

A vertical pattern of inheritance indicates a _____.

Back 87

Rare dominant trait

Front 88

Central Dogma of genetics: One gene – One _____ – One function – One _______.

Back 88

Protein, phenotype

Front 89

Brown eyes and blue eyes represent two different forms of the eye color phenotypes resulting from two different _____ of the eye color _____.

Back 89

Alleles, gene.

Front 90

Different genes exhibit large/ small differences in their DNA sequence, functions and traits they specify.

Back 90

Large

Front 91

Different alleles exhibit large/ small differences in their DNA sequence, functions and traits they specify.

Back 91

Small (i.e. different by one base)

Front 92

Mendel’s units of inheritance are now called _____.

Back 92

Gene

Front 93

Different forms of a gene are called ______.

Back 93

Alleles