Genetics Final Vocabulary

Front 1

During the pachytene stage of Prophase I, crossing over is mediated by the ______ complex.

Back 1

synaptonemal

Front 2

In contrast to eukaryotic cell division, bacteria use the process of _______.

Back 2

binary fission

Front 3

A protein complex called the ______ interacts with the chromosome centromere.

Back 3

kinetochore

Front 4

A bivalent or tetrad refers to chromosomes in the _______ stage of Prophase I.

Back 4

diplotene

Front 5

In meiosis, failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in Anaphase I is called ________.

Back 5

nondisjunction

Front 6

In humans, a karyotype of XO results in _______ syndrome.

Back 6

Turner

Front 7

Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm that may take place simultaneously during or after ________ of mitosis.

Back 7

telophase

Front 8

The ability of a gene to mask the effect of another gene is termed ________.

Back 8

epistasis

Front 9

Linked genes with mutant alleles on the same homologous chromosome are said to be in ________.

Back 9

coupling (cis) configuration

Front 10

Mendel's principle of __________ describes the independent separation of alleles at different loci into gametes during meiosis.

Back 10

Independent assortment

Front 11

A Mendelian ratio of 2:1 is observed when a mutant allele is _______.

Back 11

lethal recessive

Front 12

The combination of the sex chromosomes ZZ determines bird sex to be ______.

Back 12

male

Front 13

Diseases that are caused by inherited mutations in mitochondrial or chloroplast genomes are due to ________ inheritance.

Back 13

maternal

Front 14

The _______ regions of the X and Y chromosome are homologous and allow for pairing of the sex chromosomes during meiosis.

Back 14

pseudoautosomal

Front 15

Because males with XY chromosomes contribute different chromosomes to their gametes, they are called _______.

Back 15

the heterogametic sex

Front 16

Females are mixtures of cells with either X chromosome inactivated and are said to be ________.

Back 16

mosaic

Front 17

The inactivated X chromosome is seen in the cell as a darkly staining structure called the _______.

Back 17

Barr body

Front 18

Because males with XY chromosomes only have one allele for their sex-linked genes, they are said to be ______ for those loci.

Back 18

hemizygous

Front 19

The degree to which a character is expressed in a mutant individual is termed ________.

Back 19

expressivity

Front 20

An individual in a pedigree who is a carrier of a disease allele has a ________ genotype.

Back 20

heterozygous

Front 21

The E. coli origin of replication is recognized by the _______ also known as DnaA.

Back 21

initiator protein

Front 22

In eukaryotes, origins of replication are called ________ sequences.

Back 22

autonomously replicating

Front 23

Short strands of DNA called ________ are polymerized on the lagging strand.

Back 23

Okazaki fragments

Front 24

Following strand invasion during recombination, a structure called the ______ is formed where the invading and displaced strands cross each other and join up with the end of the other DNA molecule.

Back 24

Holliday junction

Front 25

The _______ strand of a gene is the template strand used by RNA polymerase during transcription.

Back 25

anti-sense

Front 26

The region of DNA that includes the RNA-coding sequence plus the promoter and transcription terminator can be best defined in prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a _______.

Back 26

transcription unit

Front 27

During replication, discontinuous replication occurs for synthesis of the ______ strand.

Back 27

lagging

Front 28

The DNA double helix has a major and minor _______ formed between the base-paired strands.

Back 28

grooves

Front 29

Short stretches of common nucleotide sequences are called _______.

Back 29

consensus sequences

Front 30

The flow of genetic information within the cell is referred to as the _______.

Back 30

central dogma

Front 31

In eukaryotes, the ______ is a large complex of small RNAs and proteins that directs splicing of mRNAs.

Back 31

snRNPs

Front 32

During splicing, the branchpoint A becomes connected with the 5'-end of the intron to form a _______ structure that is released with joining of the exons.

Back 32

lariat

Front 33

In a _________ mutation, an amino acid codon is changed to specify a different amino acid.

Back 33

missense

Front 34

In translation, amino acids are attached to their respective tRNAs for charging by the enzyme _______.

Back 34

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Front 35

________ is the term that describes the modification a mRNA by insertion, deletion or substitution, using special guide RNAs.

Back 35

RNA editing

Front 36

The term ________ describes a mRNA undergoing simultaneous translation by multiple ribosomes.

Back 36

polyribosomes

Front 37

The term _______ refers to a cluster of genes under control of the same promoter for coordinate regulation.

Back 37

operon

Front 38

The _______ is the region overlapping and downstream of the promoter to which a repressor may bind to prevent transcription initiation.

Back 38

operator

Front 39

The small molecule that binds to a repressor to cause a conformation change allowing it to bind to DNA is called the _______.

Back 39

corepressor

Front 40

The small molecule that binds to a repressor to cause a conformation change that causes it to dissociate from and no longer be able to bind to DNA is called the _________.

Back 40

inducer