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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genes come in multiple forms called
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alleles
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eukaryotes have a _____ envelope
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nuclear
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prokaryotes have a _____
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nucleoid
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transcription
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RNA synthesis
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translation
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PROTEIN synthesis
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nucleosome
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DNA is wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins to form a nucleosome
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pro v. eu chromosomes
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bacteria usually have a single circular chromosome, eukaryotes have mult. chromosomes that each have a single linear DNA molecule
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viruses
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generally composed of a protein coat surrounding their genetic material
(either DNA or RNA but not both) |
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prokaryotic cell reproduction
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20-30 minutes; as chromosome replicates, the origins segregate to opposite sides, anchored, cell divides with an identical copy of original chromosome
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plasmids
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common in bacteria, rare in eukaryotes; circular self-replicating DNA molecules (example F factor)--many plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistance
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eu cell reproduction
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DNA distributed among mult chromosomes; separated=nuclear envelope;
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nuclear matrix
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crisscossing of proteins in nucleus
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diploid cells
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diploid cell has two copies of each gene (diff forms of gene called alleles)
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three essential elements
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centromere, telomere, origin of replication
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centromere
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attachment site for spindle microtubules
lack of centromere leads to chromosome loss |
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kinetochore
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forms on centromere to help attach spindle microtubules
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centromere positions
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metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric
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interphase-phases of interphase
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G1-cell growth and synthesis of proteins for cell division
g1/s checkpoint is critical-if passes moves to s phase S-synthesis =two sister chromatids G2= prepare to divide= G2/M chkpt M phase-mitosis |
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six stages of mitosis
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PROPHASE,PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE(meet), ANAPHASE(apart) TELOPHASE, CYTOKINESIS
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chromosomes have twice the normal number during
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prophase/prometaphase
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meiosis
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produces cells with 50% of the normal number of chromosomes
fertilization restores normal chromosome number produces cells with genetic variability |
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meiosis has ____ nuclear division
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two= four cells with half the normal chromosome number
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synapsis is when homologous chromosomes do what
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pair
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four chromatids called
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bivalent or tetrad
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haploid
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half the original number of chromosomes (occurs as function of meiosis)
gametes |
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conjugation
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exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells by use of connection between them and a plasmid trnasferred
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transformation
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mechanism where DNA found in the medium is taken up by the cell FROM ENVIRONMENT
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transduction
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genetic exchange that takes place when a virus (bacteriophage) carries genes from one bacterium to another
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competent cell
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capable of taking up dna from environment (through TRANSFORMATION)
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cotransduction/cotransformation
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when two or more genes are transformed transducted
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horizontal gene transfer
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transfer from one organism to another by mechanism other than reproduction
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virulent phage
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bacteriophage that reproduces only through the lytic cycle and kills its host cell
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temperate phage
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bacteriophage that utilizes the lysogenic cycle in which the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and remains in an inactive state
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prophage
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phage genome that is integrated into a bacterial chromosome
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generalized transduction v. specialized transduction
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generalized: transduction in which any gene may be transferred from one bacterial cell to another by a virus
specialized: genes near special sites on the bacterial chromosome are transferred from one bacterium to another; requires lysogenic bacteriophages |
