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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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malignant
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cells invade other tissues, have undergone metastasis
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Retinoblastoma
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rare childhood cancer of the eye, autosomal dominant, showed that one gene was responsible for this disease
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Knudson's multistep model:
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1. two types retinoblastoma
2. said came from two separate mutations |
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Clonal evolution
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tumor cells acquire more mutations in their proliferative properties as they grow
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Oncogenes
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mutated dominant-acting stimulatory genes that cause cancer
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tumor-supressor genes
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when mutated have recessive effects, if so, cell division may be stimulated
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proto-oncogenes
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the DNA sequences in normal cells that are closely related to oncogenes. Responsible for basic cellular function.
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How are proto-oncogenes converted into oncogenes?
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-sequence of proto-oncogene truncated as incorperated into viral genome, produced altered proteins that encourage uncontrolled cell proliferation
-recombination may allow a p-o gene to be put close to a viral promoter or enhancer, which causes it to be overexpressed |
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Mutations to what cause cancer?
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Cell Cycle Division
Signal Transduction Pathway DNA Repair Telomeres Angiogenesis Metastasis MRNA mutation |
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What is a signal-transduction pathway?
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when an external signal triggers a cascade of intracellular reactions that ultimately produces a specific response, in cancer Ras, a protene that is mutated can not hydrolyze GTP so is stuck in active form and will stimulate cell division
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How does mRNAi induce cancer:
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lowering levels of miRNA may contribute to cancer by allowing oncogenes that are normally controlled by miRNA to be expressed at high a level
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haploinsufficiency:
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when just one mutation of the tumor-supressor gene will cause cancer
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What are the two mechanisms by which virus can cause cancer?
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1. recombine with DNA
2. incorporated into viral packets 3. mutated, rearranged as infection continues 4. put back in host oncogene now or 1. insert strong viral promoter before oncogene, over proliferation and cancer |
