Genetics Exam 1

Front 1

four things genetic material must meet

Back 1

1. information

2. transmission

3. replication

4. variation

Front 2

3 components of nucleotides

Back 2

1. pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

2.nitrogenous base

3. a phosphate group

Front 3

what is a nucleotide

Back 3

the repeating structural unit of DNA and RNA

Front 4

How are nucleotides linked?

Back 4

covalently by a phosphodiester bond

Front 5

What forms the backbone of the nucleic acid chain?

Back 5

the phosphate and the sugar

Front 6

breakdown of Frederick Griffiths experiment

Back 6

infected and killed mice with deadly pneumonia strain; injected dead harmful pneumonia into mouse and it lived; injected harmless pneumonia strain into mouse and it lived. injected the dead and harmless pneumonia into mouse together and mouse died. called process "transformation" and cause of the process "transformation principle"

Front 7

Avery, Macleod, and McCarthy experiment breakdown

Back 7

prepared different extracts from type IIIS and added them to type IIIR bacteria to see which extract turned the bacteria into type IIIS. They discovered that DNA was genetic material.

Front 8

Hershey and Chase bacteriophage T2 experiment

Back 8

created two different bacteriophages; one with radioactive protein and one with radioactive DNA. The bacteriophage with radioactive protein did not pass on radioactivity to bacteria, but the one with radioactive DNA did. further proved DNA is genetic material

Front 9

Gierer and Schramm

Back 9

isolated RNA from tobacco mosaic virus and could recreate lesions with only the RNA; discovered that some viruses use RNA instead of DNA

Front 10

James Watson and Francis Crick

Back 10

discovered double-helix model in 1953

Front 11

Linus Pauling

Back 11

proposed proteins could fold into secondary structure; discovered alpha-helix structure of proteins; built ball and stick model to demonstrate

Front 12

scientists who provided framework for Watson and Crick's discovery

Back 12

Linus Pauling, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, Erwin Chargaff

Front 13

Rosalind Franklin

Back 13

worked with Maurice Wilkins; used X-ray defraction to discover wet fibers of DNA; suggested that DNA is multi-stranded, helical, and has 10 base pairs per complete turn

Front 14

Erwin Chargaff

Back 14

Chargaff's rule: percent of adenine=percent of thymine; percent of cytosine=percent of guanine

Front 15

Is DNA parallel or anti-parallel

Back 15

antiparallel

Front 16

What stabilizes DNA bonds?

Back 16

1.hydrogen bonding between complimentary bases

2. Base stacking; bases oriented to stack like dishes

Front 17

purines

Back 17

double-ringed bases; Adenine and Guanine

Front 18

pyrimidines

Back 18

single-ringed bases; Thymine/Uracil and Cytosine

Front 19

genome

Back 19

comprises all genetic material organism possesses

Front 20

bacterial genome

Back 20

single circular chromosome

Front 21

eukaryotic genome

Back 21

refers to one complete set of nuclear chromosomes

Front 22

DNA sequences needed for

Back 22

1. synthesis or RNA and cellular proteins

2. chromosome replication

3. proper chromosome segregation

4. chromosome compaction

Front 23

What do viruses need to reproduce?

Back 23

a host cell

Front 24

viral genome

Back 24

genetic material of virus

Front 25

formats of viral genomes

Back 25

-DNA or RNA

-single or double-stranded

-linear or circular

Front 26

1kb=?

Back 26

1kb=1,000bp

Front 27

1Mb=?

Back 27

1Mb=1,000kb=1,000,000bp

Front 28

plasmid

Back 28

extra chromosomes in prokaryotes that are not necessary for life

Front 29

prokaryote chromosome forms

Back 29

most have one circular chromosome with double-straded DNA; some have several chromosomes

Front 30

supercoiling

Back 30

additional coiling of already coiled DNA, like a twisted telephone cord. used to compact prokaryotic circular DNA

Front 31

looped domains

Back 31

used to compact circular prokaryotic DNA

Front 32

Where are chromosomes in eukaryotes located?

Back 32

in the nucleus

Front 33

chromatin

Back 33

DNA-protein complex in eukaryotes that is compacted form of DNA

Front 34

formats of eukaryote chromosomes

Back 34

one or more sets; each set is several different linear chromosomes; chromosome is single DNA molecule all folded up

Front 35

C-value

Back 35

total amount of DNA in haploid genome of organism

Front 36

genome size differences because

Back 36

repetition rather than because of more genes

Front 37

C-value paradox

Back 37

no relationship exists between C value and complexity of organism

Front 38

3 types of DNA sequences required for replication and segregation

Back 38

1. origins of replication

2. Centromeres

3. telomeres

Front 39

centromeres

Back 39

DNA sequence found near point of attachment of mitotic and meiotic spindle fibers

Front 40

telomeres

Back 40

specialized sequences at both ends of linear chromosome

Front 41

sequence complexity

Back 41

how many times a base sequence appears in the genome

Front 42

3 main types of repetitive sequences

Back 42

1. unique or non-repetitive

2. moderately repetitive

3. highly repetitive

Front 43

two major types of protein found in chromatin associated DNA

Back 43

histones and non-histones

Front 44

histones

Back 44

-most abundant

-involved in chromatin packing

-positive charge

Front 45

non-histones

Back 45

-binding proteins involved in replication, repair, transcription, and recombination

Front 46

length of single set of human chromosomes if stretched out

Back 46

over 2 meters long

Front 47

nucleosome

Back 47

repeating structural unit within eukaryotic chromatin

Front 48

what are nucleosomes composed of?

Back 48

double-stranded DNA wrapped around an octomer of histone proteins

Front 49

how much do octosomes shorten DNA length

Back 49

sevenfold

Front 50

what do nucleosome structures resemble

Back 50

beads on a string

Front 51

Which nucleosome format is more likely, the solenoid model or the zigzag model?

Back 51

the zigzag model

Front 52

euchromatin

Back 52

less condensed regions of chromosomes; transcriptually active

Front 53

heterochromatin

Back 53

more condensed regions of chromosomes; transcriptually inactive

Front 54

Matthew Meelson and Franklin Stahl experiment

Back 54

figured out how to distinguish between parent and daughter strands. grew parents with denser isotope then put them in a medium with a lighter isotope; collect cell samples at different times; use centrifuge to separate denser and lighter DNA

Front 55

origin of replication

Back 55

site where DNA synthesis begins

Front 56

How does DNA synthesis proceed in bacteria

Back 56

bidirectionally around the ring and the forks meet up and replication ends

Front 57

oriC

Back 57

origin of chromosomal replication in e coli

Front 58

three significant types of DNA sequences in oriC

Back 58

1. AT-rich region

2. DnaA boxes

3. GATC methylation sites