Genetics Exam 1

Front 1

how organisms pass biological info from one generation to the next and how they use it in their lifetimes

Back 1

genetics

Front 2

1 in _______ people have mutation in gene reducing levels of melanin, leading to albinism

Back 2

20,000

Front 3

increase UV damage; can lead to cancer; low levels of melanin

Back 3

albinism

Front 4

1 in ______ people have mutation in a gene on chromosome 5 that causes diastrophic dysplasia

Back 4

30,000

Front 5

curved finger bones; decreased manual dexterity

Back 5

diastrophic dysplasia

Front 6

when was the green revolution?

Back 6

1950s and 1960s

Front 7

what contributed to the green revolution?

Back 7

-high yielding rice plans

-synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

-modern irrigation

-heavy farm machinery

Front 8

____% of corn, soy, and cotton grown in the USA is genetically modified

Back 8

90

Front 9

cells take up glucose to produce _____

Back 9

ATP

Front 10

what are the big six companies that produce GMOs?

Back 10

1.) monsanto

2.) Dow

3.) BASF

4.) Du Pont

5.) Syngenta

6.) Bayer

Front 11

______ dumps insulin into blood stream which helps cells take up glucose

Back 11

pancreas

Front 12

insulin comes from ______

Back 12

bacteria

Front 13

who inserted the human insulin gene into bacteria?

Back 13

Lilly biotechnology

Front 14

what do all organisms have?

Back 14

1.) genome

2.) DNA or RNA

3.) replication/transcription of DNA and translation of RNA

Front 15

all polynucleotide sequences that are present in a cell

Back 15

genome

Front 16

DNA is copied

Back 16

replication

Front 17

DNA is read

Back 17

transcription

Front 18

RNA is read

Back 18

translation

Front 19

true or false: all life on the planet evolved from the same ancestor

Back 19

true

Front 20

what is the foundation for all evolutionary change?

Back 20

genetic variation

Front 21

what are the three major sub disciplines of genetics?

Back 21

1.) transmission genetics

2.) molecular genetics

3.) population genetics

Front 22

classical genetics; ex: coat color in cats in passed from one generation to the next

Back 22

transmission genetics

Front 23

how binding of a transcription factor binding to a gene influences an advantage

Back 23

molecular genetics

Front 24

groups of individuals of same species; evolution; studying traits of population of lady bugs over time

Back 24

population genetics

Front 25

is there any overlap between the sub disciplines?

Back 25

yes

Front 26

what are the 4 characteristics of a good model organism?

Back 26

1.) short generation time

2.) large numbers of progeny

3.) inexpensive to feed and maintain

4.) genomes have been sequences

Front 27

bacteria dividing every 30 minutes

Back 27

short generation time

Front 28

what determines skin color?

Back 28

melanocytes

Front 29

produce melanin; in epidermis

Back 29

melanocytes

Front 30

what gene produces protein important for melanocyte production in zebra fish?

Back 30

NCKX

Front 31

what gene is responsible for this in humans?

Back 31

SLC24A5

Front 32

what provides a key role in human pigmentation? (gene)

Back 32

SLC24A5 gene

Front 33

nehemiah grew

Back 33

found that plants reproduce sexually

Front 34

Matthias schlieden and Theodor Schwann

Back 34

founded the cell theory

Front 35

charles darwin

Back 35

natural selection; evolution

Front 36

gregor mendel

Back 36

principles of heredity

Front 37

walther flemming

Back 37

studied movement of chromosomes in salamander cells; described mitosis

Front 38

edouard van bededen

Back 38

studied movement of chromosomes in nematode cells; described meiosis

Front 39

incorrect; inheritance of acquired characteristics; says that traits travel to the reproductive system then are passed on to the gametes

Back 39

pangenesis concept

Front 40

who founded the germ plasm theory and when?

Back 40

august weismann in the late 1800's

Front 41

walter sutton

Back 41

genes are located on chromosomes (chromosome theory); rediscovering Mendel's work

Front 42

thomas hunt morgan

Back 42

identified first genetic mutant in fruit flies, confirming sutton theory

Front 43

franklin, watson, crick, and wilkins

Back 43

structure of DNA

Front 44

genetic code (date)

Back 44

1960's

Front 45

DNA sequencing (determine order of nucleotide monomers in DNA sequence) (the date)

Back 45

1977

Front 46

polymerase chain reaction (PCR); allows quick DNA amplification

Back 46

kary mullis

Front 47

human genome sequenced (date)

Back 47

2003

Front 48

what two types are cells?

Back 48

1.) prokaryotes

2.) eukaryotes

Front 49

the fundamental unit of heredity

Back 49

gene

Front 50

stretch of DNA that contains genetic info for a trait; located on chromosomes

Back 50

gene

Front 51

different versions of genes

Back 51

alleles

Front 52

genes confer ________

Back 52

phenotypes

Front 53

genetic information is carried in _________

Back 53

nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

Front 54

what are the monomers?

Back 54

ATGC or AVGC

Front 55

Genes are located on _______

Back 55

chromosomes

Front 56

genetic info is transferred from _______

Back 56

DNA ---> RNA ----> protein

Front 57

changes in DNA sequences that can be passed on cell to cell or parent to progeny

Back 57

mutations

Front 58

some traits are affected by __________

Back 58

multiple genes

Front 59

change in a DNA sequence (genetic change) in a population

Back 59

evolution

Front 60

unicellular; lack organelles; relatively simple; large open warehouse

Back 60

prokaryotes

Front 61

complex; uni and multicellular; do have organelles; office space with cubicles

Back 61

eukaryotes

Front 62

two major groups of prokaryotes

Back 62

eubacteria and archaea

Front 63

true bacteria

Back 63

eubacteria

Front 64

ancient bacteria; some genetic processes similar to eukaryotes (basal transcription machinery)

Back 64

archaea

Front 65

lack a cellular structure; has DNA or RNA; contains a protein coat surrounded a piece of nucleic acid

Back 65

viruses

Front 66

what are the three events that all cell reproduction requires?

Back 66

1.) genetic info needs to be copied

2.) copies of genetic info need to be separated from each other

3.) cell must divide

Front 67

prokaryotic cell division

Back 67

binary fission

Front 68

explain binary fission

Back 68

1.) DNA replication starts at origin of replication (ORI) (middle of cell)

2.) as DNA replicates, the cell grows

3.) after DNA is fully replicated, the daughter DNA's separate and cell begins to divide (cytokinesis)

4.) cells divide giving rise to two genetically identical daughter cells

Front 69

how fast do prokaryotic cells divide?

Back 69

around every 20 min

Front 70

a parent somatic cell undergoes cell division to give rise to two genetically identical daughter cells

Back 70

mitosis

Front 71

a process of cell division that gives rise to genetically unique sex cells in reproductive organs

Back 71

meiosis

Front 72

homologous chromosomes?

Back 72

two copies of each chromosome (1 maternal and 1 paternal)

Front 73

cells with homologous chromosomes are called ______

Back 73

diploid

Front 74

how many pairs of homologous chromosomes?

Back 74

23

Front 75

produce unique proteins that dictate traits

Back 75

alleles

Front 76

have 23 chromosomes

Back 76

gametes

Front 77

most cells have ______ chromosomes

Back 77

46

Front 78

what are the 3 important structures of chromosomes?

Back 78

centromeres, telomere, and origins of replication

Front 79

constricted region of chromosomes

Back 79

centromere

Front 80

during mitosis/meiosis, spindles attach at _________

Back 80

kinetochore

Front 81

found at ends of linear chromosome; book ends; stabilize and protect chromosome ends

Back 81

telomere

Front 82

sites where DNA replication begins; speeds up replication of the genome

Back 82

origins of replication

Front 83

how long does it take to replicate our genome?

Back 83

around 8 hours

Front 84

before DNA replication, one copy of each molecule of DNA

Back 84

chromatid

Front 85

after DNA replication, two copies of each molecule of DNA

Back 85

sister chromatids

Front 86

diploid adults have ____ chromosomes

Back 86

46

Front 87

haploid gametes have ____ chromosomes

Back 87

23

Front 88

fertilization leads to diploid zygote with _____ chromosomes

Back 88

46

Front 89

zygote undergoes many rounds of ______ during development

Back 89

mitosis

Front 90

the stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next

Back 90

cell cycle

Front 91

G1, S-phase, and G2

Back 91

interphase

Front 92

cell spends most of it's time here

Back 92

interphase

Front 93

mitosis and cytokinesis

Back 93

mitotic phase

Front 94

cell is growing and producing proteins for s phase

Back 94

g1

Front 95

if all proteins required for DNA, synthesis are present, the cell enters s phase..if not, will not go into s phase

Back 95

g1/s checkpoint

Front 96

DNA is replicated

Back 96

s phase

Front 97

cell is growing and producing proteins for mitosis

Back 97

g2

Front 98

if all chromosomes are replicated and undamaged, the cell enters mitosis. if not, will not go into mitosis

Back 98

g2/m checkpoint

Front 99

where do cells go if they don't go into s-phase at the g1/s checkpoint?

Back 99

G0 where they stop growing, but are functional (mature liver cells)

Front 100

chromosomes are decondensed and individual chromosomes cannot be visualized

Back 100

interphase

Front 101

sister chromatids condense and forms hick strands that can be visualized; centrosomes move to opp. sides of nucleus and emit microtubules to form mitotic spindles

Back 101

prophase

Front 102

why compact DNA?

Back 102

easier to move to a new cell

Front 103

nuclear envelope falls apart, bc microtubules needs to attach to chromosome; mitotic spindles begin to attach to kinetochores of chromatids

Back 103

pro metaphase

Front 104

mitotic spindles are attached to kinetochores of all chromatids; chromosomes line up in middle of cell

Back 104

metaphase

Front 105

mitotic spindles shorten and pull sister chromatids apart, forming 2 daughter chromosomes

Back 105

anaphase

Front 106

each daughter chromosome has reached the opp. ends of the cell; nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense, and the spindle disappears

Back 106

telophase

Front 107

cytoplasm and all contents divide into 2 daughter cells (diploid) (clones)

Back 107

cytokinesis

Front 108

# of chromosomes = # of ______

Back 108

centromeres

Front 109

# of DNA molecules = # of _______

Back 109

chromatids

Front 110

another name for meiosis I

Back 110

reduction division

Front 111

another name for meiosis II

Back 111

equational division

Front 112

meiosis - sister chromatids begin to condense and centrosomes begin to move to opp. sides of nucleus; microtubules extend from centrosomes forming mitotic spindles; homologous chromosomes pair; crossing over; nuclear envelope falls apart

Back 112

prophase I

Front 113

meiosis - meiotic spindles attach to kinetochores of homologous chromosomes; chromosome pairs line up in middle of cell

Back 113

metaphase I

Front 114

meiosis - spindles shorten and pull homologous chromosomes apart, forming two daughter chromosomes

Back 114

anaphase I

Front 115

meiosis - each daughter chromosome has reached the opposite ends of the cell; the nuclear envelope reforms

Back 115

telophase I

Front 116

meiosis - cytoplasm and all contents divide into 2 haploid daughter cells

Back 116

cytokinesis

Front 117

meiosis - chromosome decondenses and meiotic spindles fall apart

Back 117

interkinesis

Front 118

meiosis - chromosome recompense; meiotic spindles reform, and nuclear envelop falls apart

Back 118

prophase II

Front 119

meiosis - meiotic spindles are attached to kinetochores of all chromatids; chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Back 119

metaphase II

Front 120

meiosis - meiotic spindles shorten and pull sister chromatids apart, forming 2 daughter chromosomes

Back 120

anaphase II

Front 121

each daughter chromosome has reached opposite ends of cell; nuclear envelope reforms; chromosomes decondense and spindle disappears; cytoplasm and all contents divide into 4 daughter cells

Back 121

telophase/cytokinesis II

Front 122

how does meiosis produce genetic variation?

Back 122

1.) crossing over

2.) random separation of non-homologous chromosomes

Front 123

seperation of non homologous chromosomes; random assignment at metaphase plate causes genetic variation

Back 123

independent assortment

Front 124

surrounded sister chromatids and holds them together; located all around the chromosome

Back 124

cohesin

Front 125

describe cohesin during mitosis

Back 125

1.) during prophase, cohesin on chromosome arms are removed

2.) after DNA replication, cohesin surrounds the sister chromatids and holds them together

3.) metaphase: sister chromatids held by cohesin at centromere

4.) during anaphase, enzyme seperase cleaves the cohesin rings

5.) microtubules pull apart sister chromatids

Front 126

describe cohesin during meiosis

Back 126

1.) during metaphase I, hom. chrom. held together at chiasmata by cohesin

2.) in anaphase I, enzyme seperase cleaves the cohesin rings at chiasmata, but not at centromeres!

3.) during anaphase II, shugoshin is degraded and cohesin at centromeres is cleaved microtubules pull apart sister chromatids

Front 127

protein that protects the cohesin from cleaving at centromere

Back 127

shugoshin

Front 128

father of genetics; pea plant experiments; law of seg.; law of independent assortment

Back 128

gregor mendel

Front 129

why was mendel successful?

Back 129

1.) great model system

2.) used hypothesis driven science and math to analyze his results; went beyond descriptive science

Front 130

why was the pea plant a great model system?

Back 130

-relatively fast generation time; 1 gen/year

-produce many offspring

-many varieties of pea plants with distinguishable characters

-varieties are true breeding (genetically pure)

Front 131

general heritable features like color or shape

Back 131

characters

Front 132

gene

Back 132

an inherited factor that helps to determine a characteristic

Front 133

allele

Back 133

alternative version of a gene

Front 134

locus

Back 134

specific location on a chromosome where a gene is located

Front 135

genotype

Back 135

the set of alleles that an individual organism possesses; genetic make up

Front 136

heterozygote

Back 136

an organism with 2 different alleles at a locus

Front 137

homozygote

Back 137

an organism with the same 2 alleles at a locus

Front 138

variant of a character; yellow or green color

Back 138

phenotype

Front 139

a general heritable physical feature (flower color)

Back 139

characteristic or character

Front 140

cross between parents that differ in a single trait

Back 140

monohybrid crosses

Front 141

diploid organisms have 2 alleles for every given characteristic; 1 mom and 1 dad; during meiosis, these two alleles segregate into equal proportion

Back 141

principle of segregation

Front 142

when 2 different alleles are present, the dominant allele shows up in the phenotype

Back 142

concept of dominance

Front 143

crosses between parents that differ in 2 characteristics

Back 143

dihybrid cross

Front 144

need two copies of the recessive allele to manifest the trait; skips generations and appears with equal frequencies in males and females

Back 144

autosomal recessive trait

Front 145

affect every generation and appear with equal frequency in males and females

Back 145

dominant traits

Front 146

Mendel's rule

Back 146

complete dominance

Front 147

hetero with various shades; intermediate phenotypes

Back 147

incomplete dominance

Front 148

phenotype of f1 has the phenotype of both parents

Back 148

codominance

Front 149

what does a 9:3:3:1 ratio indicate?

Back 149

1.) alleles of different genes assort independently during meiosis

2.) each gene impacts one character

Front 150

two different genes can impact the same character and produce new phenotypes

Back 150

non allelic interaction

Front 151

gene at one locus can block the effect of a gene at another locus

Back 151

gene interaction with epistasis

Front 152

gene that does the masking

Back 152

epistatic gene

Front 153

gene that is masked

Back 153

hypostatic gene

Front 154

percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that actually express the expected phenotype

Back 154

penetrance

Front 155

when less than 10% of individuals with a genotype show the expected phenotype

Back 155

incomplete penetrance

Front 156

what causes incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity?

Back 156

1.) modifier genes

2.) environmental factors

Front 157

cause death of organism, usually before birth

Back 157

lethal alleles

Front 158

2:1 genotypic ratio means what

Back 158

recessive lethal alleles

Front 159

can genes have more than two alleles?

Back 159

yes

Front 160

if the mutations are at a different gene, the progeny will be double heterozygotes; if the mutations are at the same gene, progeny will have two mutant alleles for the same gene

Back 160

complementation testing

Front 161

different expression of traits between males and females; result of hormones

Back 161

sex influenced traits

Front 162

determined by autosomal genes that are expressed by only one sex

Back 162

sex limited characteristics

Front 163

what organelles in the cytoplasm contain nucleic acids?

Back 163

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Front 164

genetic material isn't distributed equally; unequal distribution of cells during organelle division

Back 164

cytoplasmic inheritance