Genetics Exam 1

Front 1

Gene with caffeine removal

Back 1

CYP1A2

Front 2

Process of turning DNA to a protein

Back 2

Gene Expression

Front 3

genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA

Back 3

Transcription

Front 4

Nucleotide sequence in RNA makes the amino acid sequence of a protein

Back 4

Translation

Front 5

located in cells where DNA is contained within structures

Back 5

Chromosomes

Front 6

appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

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Karyotype

Front 7

a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosomes that pair up with each other inside a cell during mieosis

Back 7

Homologous Chromosomes

Front 8

a segment of DNA that produces a functional product such as a protein

Back 8

Gene

Front 9

an alternative form of the same gene

Back 9

Allele

Front 10

Bb

Back 10

Heterozygous

Front 11

AA or cc

Back 11

Homozygous

Front 12

differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population

Back 12

Genetic variation

Front 13

contrasting forms within a single species

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Morphs

Front 14

genetic condition from birth when body cannot break down phenylalanine.

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PKU

Front 15

Found on Chromosome 7

Speech and language development

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FOXP1

Front 16

studied bacteria rough and smooth where something from the dead strain bacteria was transforming r strain bacteria into s-strain. established transformation

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Griffith Experiment

Front 17

bacteria exchanging DNA with other bacteria

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transformation

Front 18

altered Griffiths to determine if DNA, RNA or protein was the genetic material

Back 18

Avery Experiment

Front 19

Building block of DNA and is made of a base, sugar, and a phosphoric acid.

Back 19

Nucleotide

Front 20

Back 20

Nucleotide -Phosphate

Front 21

nucleotides are covalent linked together. connects 5' of a nucleotide to the 3' of another

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Nucleotide -phosphodiester bond

Front 22

1

Back 22

Nucleotide - Sugar

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Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

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Nitrogenous Base

Front 24

1

Back 24

the only 5 nucleotides

Front 25

adenine and guanine. for hydrogen bonds with Thymine and Cytosine

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Purines

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Thymine, Cytosine

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Pyrimidines

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adenine-thymine

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DNA

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adenine -uracil

Back 28

RNA

Front 29

formed by phosphate and sugar molecules in a nucleic acid strand. bases project from it.

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DNA Backbone

Front 30

Directionality of DNA

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read from a 5' to 3'

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adenine-thymine and cytosine - guanine existed in equal amounts

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Chargaffs rule

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AT/GC Rule

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1

Front 33

Used chargaffs rule to see that bonding between a to t was similar to c to g and formed AT/GC Rule that a pairs with t and G pairs with c

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Watson & Crick

Front 34

done by hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases as well as base stacking which exclude water from disrupting hydrogen bonds.

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Stabilization of DNA double helix

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the bond formation between two basses on each complimentary strand

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Base pairs

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Half life of DNA

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521 years

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Major and minor groove

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2 groves in the double helix and proteins can read the base sequence in the major groove and can then interact

Front 38

right handed helix, 11bp per turn, double stranded RNA takes this form

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A-DNA

Front 39

predominant form of DNA in living cells

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B-DNA

Front 40

Left handed helix, 12 BP per turn, favored by alternating purine/pyrimidines sequences at high salt concentrations.

Back 40

Z-DNA

Front 41

right handed, A-DNA form with 11 to 12 base pairs per turn

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RNA double helix

Front 42

found on Chromosome 1, maintains the structure of the nucleus, causes progeria

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Lamin A

Front 43

Where bacterial Chromosomes are found, not bounded by membrane

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Nucleoid

Front 44

short DNA segments independent from the chromosome and may be transfered between bacteria

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Plasmid

Front 45

Bacterial Chromosomes

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circular with a few million nucleotides, contains a few thousand different genes.

Front 46

Loop Domains

Back 46

DNA in bacteria is compacted and folded to bit in a bacterial cell

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Negative Supercoil

Back 47

caused by a 360 degree left handed turn

Front 48

Positive Supercoil

Back 48

caused by a 360 degree right handed turn

Front 49

DNA gyrase

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introduces negative Supercoil using energy from atp, relax positive supercoil, untangle intertwined DNA

Front 50

DNA topoisomerase

Back 50

relaxes negative Supercoils

Front 51

Eukaryotic chromosomes

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much more DNA Than bacterial, chromosomes found in the nucleus

Front 52

Chromatin

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DNA must be compacted to fit, so this is the DNA - PROTEIN complex that binds many proteins

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Repetitive DNA sequences

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causes the difference in the size of a genome

Front 54

Classes of DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

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1

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Nucleosome

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the repeating sructural unit within eukaryotic chromatin

Front 56

Histones

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protein made of many positively charged amino acids, bind to phosphates along the DNA backbone, H2A, H2B, H3, H4, H1 145 BP of DNA make 1.65 turns around one

Front 57

Compaction of chromosomes

Back 57

1

Front 58

Beads on a string

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When 8 histone proteins pair with 146 BP of DNA. shoes DNA length 7 fold

Front 59

nucleosomes associate with each other to form a more compact structure, Uses H1, another 7 fold compaction

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30 nm fiber

Front 60

formed by the attachment of the 30 nm fiber and the nuclear matrix which is made of nuclear lamina that line th nuclear membrane and internal matrix protein

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Radial loop domain

Front 61

compaction level in heterochromatin

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700 nm fiber

Front 62

before cells enter mitosis, chromosomes compact even more and attach to a specialized scaffold formed by the nuclear matrix

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Metaphase chromosome

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Gene regulation, organizes the chromosomes within the nucleus

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Nuclear matrix

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fibers that line the inner nuclear membrane

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Lamina

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Connected to nuclear lamina and fills interior of nucleus

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Internal matrix proteins

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Sequences of DNA that link to the nuclear matrix proteins

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Matrix attachment regions

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each chromosome in the nucleus is located in this area

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Chromosome territories

Front 68

less condensed regions of chromosomes, transcriptionally active, compacts to radial loop domains

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Euchromatin

Front 69

tight compaction, 700 nm fibers trancriptionaly inactive

Faculative - regions that can interconnect between euchromatin and heterochromatin

Consitutive - always heterochromatic, permanently inactive, highly repatitive sequences

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Heterochromatin

Front 70

Host Cell - cell a virus infects

Host Range - infect only a certain cell of one host species.

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Host Cell/Host Range

Front 71

genetic material of the virus, can be DNA or RNA, single or double stranded, circular or linear.

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Viral genome

Front 72

found on Chromosome 3,

Receptor protein on white blood cells, mimicked by HIV

Back 72

CCR5