Genetics Ch.5

Front 1

Nucleic acids are linked togther by

Back 1

Phosphodiester bonds

Front 2

Nucleotide bases are

Back 2

Base sugar and phosphate

A-T (adenine and thymine)

C-G (cytosine and guanine)

Front 3

Purines

Back 3

A and G (2 rings)

Front 4

Pyrimidines

Back 4

C and T (1 ring)

Front 5

Nucleoside

Back 5

Base and sugar (ribose)

Front 6

dNTP

Back 6

3 phosphates deoxy nucleoside tri phosphate

Front 7

Watson-crick model of DNA

Back 7

Right handed double helix with H-bonds between bases

Front 8

Double stranded DNA is

Back 8

Antiparallel (one side is 5' to 3', the other is 3' to 5')

Front 9

A is bonded to T with how many H bonds

Back 9

2

Front 10

C is bonded to G with how many H bonds

Back 10

3

Front 11

H bonds in nucleotides always pair a _____ with a _____

Back 11

Purine with a pyrimidine

Front 12

DNA is always written in the direction of

Back 12

5' to 3'

Front 13

Is DNA acidic or basic?

Back 13

Acidic because of phosphates

Front 14

Genome

Back 14

The total genetic information of an organism

Front 15

Chromosome

Back 15

Each piece of double stranded DNA

Front 16

How many chromosomes does each human have? How many is inherited from each parent?

Back 16

46. 23.

Front 17

Supercoils

Back 17

DNA Gyrase twists the DNA even more into a circular molecule

Front 18

What is DNA wrapped around proteins to make it even more compact?

Back 18

Histones-basic

Front 19

What are the beads on a string called for DNA wrapped around an octomer of histones?

Back 19

Nucleosomes

Front 20

What is fully packed DNA called?

Back 20

Chromatin is closely stacked nucleosomes

Front 21

During meiosis/mitosis the DNA is condensed even more into

Back 21

Chromosomes

Front 22

Heterochromatin

Back 22

Densily packed

More repeats

Darker colored

Front 23

Euchromatin

Back 23

Looser packaging

Higher rates of transcription and gene activiity

Looser makes DNA more accesible to enzymes and proteins

Lighter colored

Front 24

Centromere

Back 24

Region of chromosome where the spindle fibers attach during cell division

Front 25

Kinetochore

Back 25

Where the spindle fibers actually grab onto

Front 26

What is the p and q arms of chromosomes?

Back 26

Short and long arms

Front 27

Metacentric

Back 27

Front 28

Submetacentric

Back 28

Front 29

Acrocentric

Back 29

Front 30

Telocentric

Back 30

Front 31

Telomeres

Back 31

The ends of linear chromosomes

Repetitions of sequences-guanine rich

Front 32

What is the function of telomeres?

Back 32

To prevent chromosome deterioration

Prevent fusion with other chromosome

Stabilize the ends of chromosomes

At the very end it is single stranded DNA

Front 33

Codon

Back 33

3 letter word for mRNA

Front 34

DNA replication is conservative, disrutpive or semiconservative?

Each new daughter strand is _____ to the parent strand.

Back 34

Semiconservative

Complimentary

Front 35

Helicase

Back 35

Unwinds the DNA double strand for replication

Front 36

ORI

Back 36

Place where helicase begins to unwind the DNA for replication

Front 37

Topoisomerase

Back 37

Cut strands of DNA to unwind them and uwrap the helix releasing the tension created

Front 38

Single stranded binding proteins SSBPs

Back 38

Protect single strands of DNA and help keeps the strands separate

Front 39

Primase

Back 39

RNA primer for the template strand

Front 40

DNA polymerase

Back 40

Requires a template: must copy from parent chain DNA sequence

Requires a primer: cannot begin a nee chain without RNA

Front 41

Polymerization occurs in the ___ to ___ direction. Read the parent strand from ___ to ___ direction.

Back 41

5' to 3'

3' to 5'

Front 42

Leading strand

Back 42

5' to 3' continuous

Front 43

Lagging strand

Back 43

5' to 3' discontinous okazaki fragments

Front 44

DNA ligase

Back 44

Joins okazaki fragments

Front 45

DNA polymerase III

Back 45

Leading strand

5' -> 3' polymerase activity

3' -> 5' exonuclease activity

Front 46

DNA polymerase I

Back 46

Removes RNA primer via 5' -> 3' exonuclease activity while adding DNA in a 5' -> 3' direction

Front 47

Point mutations

Back 47

Single base pair substitution

Front 48

3 types of point mutations:

Back 48

1. Missense mutation: 1 a.a. replaced by another

2. Nonsense mutation: a stop codon replaces a regular codon

3. Silent mutation: a codon is changed into a new codon for the same a.a.

Front 49

What types of mutations shift the reading frame?

Back 49

Insertion and deletion

Front 50

Inversion mutation

Back 50

When a chromosome part break offs and flips

Front 51

Chromosome amplification

Back 51

A mutation where a segment is replicated

Front 52

Trabslocation

Back 52

Recombination between nonhomologous chromosomes

Front 53

DNA methylation

Back 53

Parent strand methylated to know which strand is correct and which is mismatched/mutated

Front 54

RNA

Back 54

Single stranded

Uracil instead of thymine

Ribose instead of deoxyribose

Front 55

mRNA

Back 55

Carries genetic info to the ribosome where it can be translated into protein

Has open reading frame

Front 56

hnRNA

Back 56

Unmature mRNA that goes thru adding caps and tails and splicing

Front 57

tRNA

Back 57

Carries a.a. from cytoplasm to ribosome to be added to growing proteins

Front 58

rRNA

Back 58

Major component of the ribosome

Front 59

Ribozymes

Back 59

RNA enzyme

Front 60

miRNA/siRNA

Back 60

Postranscriptional gene regulation of gene expression

Can bind specific mRNA molecules to increase or decrease translation

Front 61

Splicing

Back 61

Introns are removed and exons are put together in mRNA

Front 62

Splicosome

Back 62

The complex that facilitates splicing

Front 63

5' cap and 3' poly-A tail

Back 63

Methylated guanine cap and adenine tail prevents digestion of the mRNA

Front 64

RNA polymerase I

Back 64

Transcribes rRNA

Front 65

RNA polymerase II

Back 65

Trabscribes hnRNA

Front 66

RNA polymerase III

Back 66

Transcribes tRNA

Front 67

Anticodon

Back 67

Part of the tRNA that links up with the mRNA

Front 68

Amino acid acceptor site

Back 68

3' end of tRNA that links with a.a.

Front 69

Wobble hypothesis

Back 69

Inosine

3rd position of anticodon can bond to different codon bases

Front 70

Ribosome binding site order

Back 70

A to P to E

Front 71

What is the first a.a. in all prokaryotic proteins?

Back 71

Fmet formylmethionine

Front 72

Differences in eukaryotic vs prokaryotic replication, transcription and translation

Back 72

Front 73

Lac Operon parts

Back 73

P-promoter- where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of Y, Z, A gene

O-operator-where the lac repressor binds

Z- enzyme beta-galactosidase cleaves lactose into glucose

Y- permease transports lactose into cell

A- transacetylase cleaves acetyl

Front 74

Lac operon presence of glucose and absence of lactose

Back 74

Repressor activated

Front 75

Lac operon in the presence of glucose and lactose

Back 75

Low levels if transcription

Front 76

Lac operon in the absence of glucose and presence of lactose

Back 76

High levels of transcription

Front 77

Trp operon

Back 77

In presence of tryptophan decrease gene expression

Front 78

Eukaryotic regulation of transcription

Back 78

Tata box binded with tata box binding protein which initiates transcription at the promoter

Front 79

RNA translocation

Back 79

A way that the eukaryotic cell regulates trabscription by moving mRNA to different parts of the cell and arent translated until they are in the right area of the cell

Front 80

mRNA surveillance

Back 80

A way that the eukaryotic cell regulates transcription by making sure the mRNAs are high quality and are not defective

Front 81

RNAi

Back 81

A way that the eukaryotic cell regulates transcription by silencing gene expression after a transcript has been made. Can decrease protein expression