Genetics - Ch. 8 - Dna

Front 1

What is Transformation?

Back 1

Transformation is the horizontal transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another.

The genetic material can come from a living or deceased host.

Front 2

How did Avery and his colleagues (MacLeod and and McCarty) demonstrate the transforming principle of DNA.

Back 2

They tested the elusive "genetic substance" with three digestive enzymes. One targeted DNA, RNA, and Proteins. The two that targeted RNA and Protein still transformed their genes to living bacteria. The one that targeted DNA didn't pass on its genes. Leading them to believe that DNA is the genetic substance.

Front 3

Identify the three main components of a DNA Nucleotide.

Back 3

Phosphate

Sugar

Base

Front 4

RNA Nucleotide vs DNA Nucleotide

Back 4

RNA

- contains Uracil (instead if Thymine)

- has -OH group at the 2' spot.

DNA

- contains Thymine (instead of Uracil)

- Contains just H's at the 2' position.

Front 5

3 DNA Nucleotide segment

Back 5

Front 6

Composition and Structure of Nucleosome

Back 6

The repeating core of proteins. And DNA produced by difestionvw/ nuclear enzymes is the simplest level of chromatin structure. It consists of DNA wrapped two times around an octane of eight histone proteins.

Front 7

What are the four different kinds of histone proteins in a octamer.

Back 7

H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

Front 8

What are Telomeres?

Back 8

Natural ends of a chromosome. They serve as a cap to stabilize the chromosome much like the plastic cap on the end of a shoelace that prevents it from unraveling.

They also provide a means of replicating the ends of the chromosome.

Front 9

What is the structure of a Telomere?

Back 9

At the end of each Telomere are many short telomeric sequences. They consist of Cytosine and Adenine nucleotides, they consist of repeated sequences.

One strand protrudes beyond the other, creating some single-stranded DNA at the end.

Front 10

Kossel

Back 10

Determined that DNA contains nitrogenous bases.

Front 11

Watson and Crick

Back 11

Worked out the helical structure of DNA by building models.

Front 12

Levene

Back 12

Discovered that DNA consists of repeating nucleotides.

Front 13

Miescher

Back 13

Determined that DNA is acidic and high in phosphorus.

Front 14

Hershey and Chase

Back 14

Identified DNA as the genetic material in bacteriophage.

Front 15

Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod

Back 15

Determined that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria.

Front 16

Griffith

Back 16

Demonstrated that heat killed material from bacteria could genetically transform live bacteria.

Front 17

Franklin and Wilkins

Back 17

Took X-Ray diffraction pictures used in determining the structure of DNA.

Front 18

Chargaff

Back 18

Discover regularity in the ratios of different bases in DNA.

Front 19

Back 19

No, he needs to perform more experiments to rule out the possibility of other variables that could account for his results.

Front 20

What causes DNA to migrate towards the positive poles during electrophoresis?

Back 20

The negatively charged backbone of the DNA structure interacts with the electronegative gradient established during electrophoresis. Causing its negatively charged backbone to be attracted to the positive pole.

Front 21

Prokaryotic Chromosome vs Eukaryotic Chromosome.

Back 21

Front 22

What is semiconservative replication?

Back 22

Each strand acts as a template for a new double helix. The established model of DNA replication in which each double-stranded molecule is composed of one parental strand and one newly polymerized strand.

Front 23

Identify: (1) origin, (2) polarity [5' and 3' ends] of all templates and newly synthesized strands, (3) leading and lagging strands, (4) Okazaki Fragments, and (5) location of primers.

Back 23

Front 24

3 Major Requirements of Replication

Back 24

1) Template

2) Substrates

3) Enzymes

Front 25

Requirement of Replication: Template

Back 25

A template consisting of single stranded DNA.

Front 26

Requirements of Replication: Substrate

Back 26

Raw materials (substrates) to be assembled into a new nucleotide strand.

Front 27

Requirements of Replication: Enzymes

Back 27

Enzymes and other proteins that "read" the template and assemble the substrates into a DNA molecule.

Front 28

What substrates are used in DNA synthesis?

Back 28

dNTPs: dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP.

Front 29

Why is primase required for replication?

Back 29

It produces short stretches of nucleotides, or primers, that initiates replication.

Front 30

What is the end-of-chromsome problem?

Back 30

The DNA at the very end of the chromosome cannot be fully copied in each round of replication, resulting in a slow, gradual shortening of the chromosome.

Front 31

What must genetic material be able to do?

Back 31

The genetic material must be capable of carrying large amounts of information, replicating faithfully, and translating its coding instructions into phenotypes.

Front 32

Griffiths Experiment

Back 32

Front 33

Back 33

Protein is the genetic material.

Front 34

Hershey and Chase Experiment

Back 34

Front 35

Back 35

No, because carbon is found in both protein and nucleic acid.

Front 36

Back 36

The sugar of RNA has a hydroxyl group thst is not found in ths sugar of DNA.

Front 37

Back 37

Ther opposite direction of the two stands of nucleotides.

Front 38

Back 38

Z-DNA has a left-handed helix; B-DNA has a right-handed helix.

The sugar–phosphate backbone of Z-DNA zigzags back and forth, whereas the sugar–phosphate backbone of B-DNA forms a smooth continuous ribbon.

Front 39

Back 39

Negatively supercoiled.

Front 40

Back 40

Bacterial DNA is not complexed to histone proteins and is circular.

Front 41

Back 41

They would separate from the DNA.

Front 42

Back 42

All of the above...

Front 43

Back 43

Unique-sequence DNA.

Front 44

Back 44

Without knowledge of the structure of DNA, an understanding of how genetic information was encoded or expressed was impossible to achieve.