Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What happens during Anaphase 1 of Meiosis
|
1. homolgous pairs seperate
2. one member of each pair migrate to each pole 3. each is a dyad 4. parent depends on position of centromere |
|
|
What is going on during prophase? of mitosis
|
Key events:chromatin condenses to the indiviual chromosomes, chromosome have doubled, composed of 2 sister chromatides
other events: Nuclear membrane breaks down, centriols start to appear and go to poles, and spindle appadtus begin to develop |
|
|
what is haploid
|
1 set of chromosomes, the chromosomes in the sex cells, OR the genome of an organisim
represented as n |
|
|
what are the parts of the cell cycle
|
G1/Gap 1
G0/Ground state (with in G1) S/Synthesis Stage G2/Gap 2 M/Mitosis |
|
|
What is interphase? of mitosis
|
"the resting phase"
key event: DNA and chromsome replicate other events: cell going on with normal actions, and unraveling of chromosomes start to pick up stains |
|
|
What is going on in Metaphase? of mitosis
|
Key event: each chromsome arrives at the metaphase plate and no pairing of each alligens
other events: microtubles of the spindle apparatuses start to develop and become spindle fiber, spindle fiber attaches to centromere at the kenetocore, and the movement of chromosomes to metaphase plate starts |
|
|
What happens during anaphase? of Mitosis
|
key events: Disjunction, spindle fibers pull apart, and arms drag behind.
other events: centromere holding sister chromatids together splits, sister chromatides once seprated ate now independent chromosomes |
|
|
What happens in Telophase 1 of Meiosis?
|
Cytokensis and going on to meiosis 2
|
|
|
Wht is going on during telophase and what is the difference between animal and plant.
|
divison of cells, cytokinesis
animal cell pinches in the middle plant plate forms in middle and moves to edges. |
|
|
What happens during Metaphase 2 of Meiosis?
|
Each chromosome (dyads) move in the metaphase plate.
|
|
|
What happens during Anaphase 2 of Meiosis?
|
each chromosome splits, allows for sepration of the dyads and 2 sisters become independent no longer sisters, they are now monads
|
|
|
what is the endosymbotic theory?
|
these free living organisms invaded animal or chlorophill and remain in the cytoplasm of the cell.
|
|
|
What happends during telophase 2 of Meiosis?
|
each cell forms 2 cells so total of 4 cells, 2 are identical, they are now haploid
|
|
|
what are the three parts of a chromosome?
|
p-arm (top, typically smaller), centromere, q-arm (bottom, typically larger)
|
|
|
where is the centromere in a chromosome designated as metacentric?
|
in the middle of the chromosome
|
|
|
where is the centromere in a chromsome designated as acrocentric?
|
midway down, top part of the chromosome
|
|
|
what happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis?
|
homolgous pairs migrate to the metaphase plate, randomness of where on the plate the chromsomes are.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of Meiosis?
|
reductional division, evolutionary process of "Sexual reproduction" need to produced sell cells or gemetes.
|
|
|
What is phenotype?
|
the physical characteristics, observable
|
|
|
What is Medel's 1st postulate or "law"?
|
that characteristics are determined by unit factors called genes or elements and these exists in pairs
|
|
|
what is a zygote?
|
1st cell of offspring
|
|
|
what are histones?
|
the protene that the chromatin is wrapped around. made up of 9 proteins called H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 (two of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4)
|
|
|
What are the different stages of prophase 1?
|
Leptone, zygonene, pachytene, diplotene, and Diakeisis.
Leaping Zebras Pounch Down Dunes |
|
|
what is a genotype?
|
the genetics, the alleles
|
|
|
What is gene?
|
unit of inheritance
|
|
|
what is a karyotype
|
a display of all chromsomes of an organism and organized is due to size (largest to smallest) and shape
|
|
|
what is an allele?
|
any gene with the same locus
|
|
|
What is mendel's 3rd postulate?
|
segregation, gene pairs or parents segregate into their gametes then apon fertilization they come back in to offspring
|
|
|
Where is the centormere when the chromsome is designated as telocentric?
|
close to the end, the p arm is very short/non existent
|
|
|
What is mendel's 2nd postulate?
|
2 different gens controlling given characteristics but one gene dominates the other, recessive.
|
|
|
what is a gene locus?
|
location of any gene
|
|
|
what happens in diplotene/diplonema stage?
|
1. homologous pairs repulse each other
2. crossing over regions can be seen, points are called chiasma or chiasmata |
|
|
what happend during diakinese?
|
1. chromosome contract
2. nuclear membrane breaks down 3. each centremere attachs to spindle fiber |
|
|
what happens during leptone/leptonema?
|
1. chromsomes apear as slender strands
2. have replicated but sisters not visible or paired yet |
|
|
what happens during pachytene/pachytema?
|
1. each chromsome apears, now visibly replicated and bound by a centromere which is also visible
2. close pairing, synaptonemial complex 3. exchange between non sister chromatin, not visible |
|
|
what happens during zygonema/zygonetene stage?
|
1. rough pairing-homolgous pairs attrach each other, pair up synapse
2. don't appear replicated 3. bivalence, 2 strands |
|
|
what is Mendel's 4th postulate
|
"law of independent assortment"
During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other |
|
|
euploidy
|
extra complete haploid set or missing a set
|
|
|
autopoloyploid
|
same set from a same genome
|
|
|
allopolodidy
|
a set from a related genome
|
|
|
monosomic
|
2n-1
AABBC |
|
|
trisomic
|
2n+1
AABBCCC |
|
|
tetrasomic
|
2n+2
AABBCCCC |
|
|
Nyllciomic
|
2n-2
AABB_ _ |
|
|
aneuplody
|
organism gains or losses one or more chromsomes, not a complete set
|
|
|
klinefelter syndrome
|
XXY
47, XXY they are men but the testes are rudimentary and fail to produce sperm |
|
|
turner syndrome
|
XO
45, X females but the ovaries are rudimentary |
|
|
nondisjunction
|
the failure of a chromosome to segregate properly
|
|
|
triplo-X or super female
|
XXX
47, XXX normal females |
|
|
Barr bodies
|
is the inactivated X chromosomes
n-1 (n=number of Xs) |
|
|
lyon hypothesis
|
the pigmentation of the heterozygous females is mottled with large patechs expressing the color allele on one of the X.
|
|
|
down syndrome
|
found in 1866 by john langdon down
extra copy of chromsome 21 47, 21+ |
|
|
patau syndrome
|
found in 1960 by klaus patau
extra copy of chromosome 13 47, 13+ only lives to about 3 months females are about 32 yrs old |
|
|
edwards syndrome
|
found in 1960 by john h. edwards
extra copy of chromsome 18 47, 18+ lives less than 4 months females are about 34.7 yrs. old |
|
|
deletion
|
ABCDEFG-->ABCEFG
|
|
|
duplication
|
ABCDEFG-->ABCBCDEFG
|
|
|
inversion
|
ABCDEFG-->ADCBEFG
|
|
|
nonreciprocal translocation
|
ABCDEFG and HIJKLM--> CDEFG and ABHILKLM
|
|
|
reciprocal translocation
|
ABCDEFG and HIJKLM --> HIJCDEFG and ABKLM
|
|
|
cri du chat syndrome or cry of the cat syndrom
|
deletion of a termnal portion of chromosome 5.
46, 5p- |
|
|
paracentric inversion
|
ABcentromereCDEF--> ABcentromereEDCF
|
|
|
pericentric inversion
|
ABcentromereCDEF--> ADCcentromereBEF
arm length change |
|
|
femilial down syndrome
|
14/21 translocation
robertsonian translocation |
|
|
fragile X syndrome or Martin-Bell syndrome
|
addition of alittle at the end of the X chromosome, this causes mental retardation
this is dominate but females with it only about 30% are retareded but in males 80% are retareded |
