Genetics And Protein Synthesis

Front 1

Genes

Back 1

units of info on heritable traits which parents give to offspring. Have specific location in chromosomal DNA

Front 2

Mutations

Back 2

Alter a gene's molecular structure and its code for a trait.

Front 3

Alleles

Back 3

molecular forms of the same gene

Front 4

Homozygous

Back 4

AA, aa: all dominant or all recessive alleles

Front 5

Heterozygous

Back 5

Aa, Aa: a dominant and recessive allele

Front 6

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Back 6

Genotype: particular alleles individual carries for specific trait
Phenotype: individual's physical aspect of traits

Front 7

Monohybrid Experiment

Back 7

Aa x Aa = 1 AA, 2 Aa, 1 aa
3 dominant, 1 recessive

Front 8

Dihybrid Experiment

Back 8

AaBb x AaBb
9:3:3:1

Front 9

Epistasis

Back 9

interactions among products of two or more gene pairs

Front 10

Pleiotrophy

Back 10

Alleles affecting two or more traits in a good or bad way

Front 11

Linkage group

Back 11

all genes on the same chromosome

Front 12

Karyotype

Back 12

a preparation of an individual's metaphase chromosomes, sorted by length, shape, centromere, location, and other defining features

Front 13

RFLPs

Back 13

Restriction fragments that break the DNA up into segments.

Front 14

Gel Electrophoresis

Back 14

Method of separating RFLPs

Front 15

Poly A tail and GTP cap

Back 15

prevent DNA from being eaten after it goes outside the nucleus and into the cytoplasms

Front 16

Nucleosome

Back 16

DNA and histone put together

Front 17

methylation

Back 17

adding methyl (-CH3) group to DNA, blocks transcription

Front 18

promoter

Back 18

DNA sequence, proteins bind, controls transcription

Front 19

Enhancers

Back 19

increase transcription rate

Front 20

histones

Back 20

proteins cord wrappers for DNA.
prevent transcription, help DNA fit in nucleus

Front 21

acetylation

Back 21

adding acetyl group to DNA, loosens DNA from histone to be transcribed

Front 22

WATER POLARITY

Back 22

e- donor (breaks into ions), universal solvent, form H bonds

Front 23

Introns

Back 23

segs of DNA that code for nothing

Front 24

complementary bases

Back 24

held by H bonds (easy to break)
1 purine with 1 pryimidine

Front 25

TATAA box

Back 25

5'-TATAA-3'
binding site for RNA polymerase

Front 26

helicase

Back 26

enzyme to open DNA helix

Front 27

primase

Back 27

enzyme to prime bonding site

Front 28

DNA polymerase

Back 28

enzyme to place complimentary nucleotides & spell check

Front 29

direction of DNA polymerase

Back 29

GOES in 3' to 5'
CREATES 5' to 3' strand

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leading strand

Back 30

stand that's copied smoothly

Front 31

lagging strand

Back 31

strand with fragments

Front 32

okazaki fragments

Back 32

disconnected frags of new DNA strand

Front 33

ligase

Back 33

enzyme that connects frags

Front 34

semiconservative model

Back 34

2 new strands, 2 original strands

Front 35

replication bubbles

Back 35

many parts of strand replicated at same time

Front 36

transcription

Back 36

making RNA strands from DNA with RNA polymerase
-mRNA, tRNA, rRNA all made

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codon

Back 37

3 base code on mRNA, DNA

Front 38

anticodon

Back 38

on tRNA other end

Front 39

ribosomal RNA

Back 39

help make up ribosomes (which don't have membranes)

Front 40

messenger RNA

Back 40

travels through ribosome matching with bases

Front 41

3 sites in ribosome

Back 41

EPA (have tRNA that hold on to protein chains)

Front 42

homeotic genes

Back 42

master genes
-activated in diff locations, activate all genes in that area
-become head, for example

Front 43

dosage compensation theory

Back 43

one female x chromosome inactivated

Front 44

x chromosome inactivation

Back 44

example- calico cat
-XIST: gene that codes for special RNA mol
-DNA methylated, RNA sticks to methylated section (no transcription)

Front 45

wobble effect

Back 45

third base of sequence wobbles/changes= mistakes, but same amino acid (neutral effect)
-whereas if you change 1st/2nd, almost always makes a difference

Front 46

eukaryotic gene control

Back 46

timed, irreversible (only 1 direction)

Front 47

prokaryotic gene control

Back 47

immediate
-makes adjustments in response to environment
-reversible (back and forth from DNA to RNA)
-no introns (no restriction enzymes to cut out

Front 48

promoter + operator =

Back 48

operon

Front 49

repressor

Back 49

always used in negative control
-stops transcription, gene not transcribed

Front 50

example of negative control

Back 50

lactose= milk sugar
-lac operon controls gene for lactase production
-repressor binds to lactose
-RNA polym still works- makes lactase

Front 51

activator

Back 51

positive control (gene won't be transcribed w/o it)
-promotes gene transcription