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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 Misconceptions about Heritability
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1-It is a precise statistic
2-It can be applied to an single individual 3- it is a constant |
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Nature-nurture debate
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No such debate at the individual level.
Influence of genes and of environment is only relevant for the discussion of group-level variation |
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Family Studies- percent shared with other family members
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On average, parents and siblings share 50% of their genes. Grandparents, uncles, aunts,nieces and nephews share 25% on average. 1st cousins share on 12.5 on average.
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when does Selective Breeding work
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Only works with traits that are moderate to highly heritable.
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Family Studies- potential flaw
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Since many close family member also share the same environment, it may not be that siblings are shy b/c shared genes, but rather shared parents(environment)
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3 Misconceptions about Heritability
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1-It is a precise statistic
2-It can be applied to an single individual 3- it is a constant |
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on what level does the Nature-nurture debate take place
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No such debate at the individual level.
Influence of genes and of environment is only relevant for the discussion of group-level variation |
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Family Studies- percent shared with other family members
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On average, parents and siblings share 50% of their genes. Grandparents, uncles, aunts,nieces and nephews share 25% on average. 1st cousins share on 12.5 on average.
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Selective Breeding
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Only works with traits that are moderate to highly heritable.
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Family Studies- potential flaw
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Since many close family member also share the same environment, it may not be that siblings are shy b/c shared genes, but rather shared parents(environment)
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Monozygotic twins (MZ)
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MZ come from a single fertilized egg which divides into 2 at some point during gestation and share 100% of their genes.
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Dizygotic twins (DZ)
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DZ come from 2 eggs that were separately fertilized and share only 50% of their genes. they are no more alike than regular siblings
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what do adoption studies provide evidence for
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provide strong evidence for environmental influences if there is a positive correlation b/t parent and adopted children since they share no genes
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Family studies
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Correlates the degree of genetic overlap among family members with the degree of similarity in personality trait
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Twin studies
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Estimates heritability by gauging whether identical twins, are more similar than fraternal twins
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what does mz twins being more similar that dz twins provide evidence toward
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If MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins, this provides evidence of heritability
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calculating heritability formulas
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2 times the difference in r of mz and dz: 2(mz-dz)
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Two assumptions of the twins method
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Equal environments assumption
Representativeness assumption |
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how much of the major personality traits are heritable
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Summaries of behavioral genetic data yield heritability estimates for major personality traits of about 20-45 percent
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are Attitudes and Preferences heritable
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Wide variance in heritability of attitudes
Some attitudes (e.g., traditionalism) show high heritability (about .60), whereas others show low or no heritability (e.g., beliefs in God |
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is Drinking and Smoking heritable
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Both show evidence of heritability
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Shared Versus Nonshared Environmental Influences
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Shared: In family environment, features of the environment shared by siblings (e.g., number of books in home)
Nonshared: In family environment, features of the environment that differ across siblings (e.g., different friends, different teachers) |
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what would an 30-50% personality characteristics range show about environmentality
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Personality characteristics show heritabilities in 30–50 percent range; hence, showing substantial degree of environmentality—50–70 percent
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Genotype-Environment Interaction
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Differential response of individuals with different genotypes to the same environments...For example, task performance of introverts versus extraverts in loud versus noisy conditions
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Genotype-Environment Correlation
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Differential exposure of individuals with different genotypes to different environments
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Passive Genotype-Environment Correlation
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Parents provide both genes and environment to children, yet children do nothing to obtain that environment...
Child’s verbal ability and the number of books in home |
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Reactive Genotype-Environment Correlation
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Parents (or others) respond to children differently depending on the child’s genotype...
Baby’s liking for cuddling and the mother’s cuddling behavior |
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Active Genotype-Environment Correlation
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Person with particular genotype seeks out a particular environment...
High sensation seekers expose themselves to risky environments |
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3 types of Genotype-Environment Correlation
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Passive, Reactive, Active
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Molecular Genetics
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Techniques designed to identify specific genes associated with personality traits
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what does a long version of the 4DR gene usually mean for a person
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located on the short arm of chromosome 11, codes for dopamine receptor...Individuals with the “long repeat” version of D4DR gene are higher on novelty seeking than individuals with the “short repeat” version of gene...
But several failures to replicate association and, when replicated, association is weak |
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environmentalist view
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that personality is determined by socialization practices, such as parenting style
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