Genetics And Chromosomal Basis Of Inheritance

Front 1

Define:
Wild Type

Back 1

The common phenotype

Front 2

Define:
Mutant

Back 2

any phenotype other than wild type

Front 3

Define:
Linked genes

Back 3

genes hat are found on the same chromosome

Front 4

what can cause the link between genes to be broken?

Back 4

crossing over

Front 5

Define:
recombination frequency

Back 5

the percentage of offspring that are recombinants

Front 6

Define:
autosomes

Back 6

chromosomes that don't determine sex

Front 7

Define:
Transformation

Back 7

change in genotype and phenotype by taking in external genetic material

Front 8

Describe viruses

Back 8

DNA enclosed by a protein coat

infect cells with genetic material, causing cell to produce more viruses

Front 9

What is each nucleotide composed of?

Back 9

5C sugar,
phosphate group,
nitrogenous base

Front 10

How are the bases paired?

Back 10

adenenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with thymine

guanine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with cytosine

Front 11

Define:
semiconservation model

Back 11

1 DNA molecule replicates to form 2 DNA molecules that each contain one strant of the original molecule

Front 12

Define:
origin of replication

Back 12

site where strands separate and replication begins

Front 13

Define:
replication fork

Back 13

Y-shaped region in replication bubble where DNA replication occurs

Front 14

What are the proteins involved in separating the 2 strands of DNA?

Back 14

Helicase, Topoisomerase, single-strand binding proteins

Front 15

What is the function of helicase?

Back 15

separates and unwinds the 2 DNA strands

Front 16

What is the function of topoisomerase?

Back 16

relieves strain as DNA strand unwinds

Front 17

What is the function of single strand binding proteins?

Back 17

bind to unpaired strands until new strands form

Front 18

Define:
leading strand

Back 18

strand with 3' end towards replication

Front 19

Define:
lagging strand

Back 19

strand with 3' end away from replicaiton fork

Front 20

Define:
primer

Back 20

short strand of RNA that is attached to the template strand by primase

Front 21

Define:
Mismatch pair

Back 21

After replication, enzymes replace incorrectly paired bases

Front 22

Define:
nucleotide excision repair

Back 22

damaged DNA is removed by nuclease and replaced with new nucleotides

Front 23

Define:
Telomeres

Back 23

short nucleotide sequences at the end of each DNA strand, contain no genes and prevent DNA loss during replication

Front 24

Define:
Transcription

Back 24

Making DNA into RNA

Front 25

Define:
Translation

Back 25

Making RNA into protein

Front 26

Where does transcription occur in Eukaryotes?

Back 26

nucleus

Front 27

Where does translation occur in Eukaryotes?

Back 27

the cytoplasm

Front 28

How does thranscription work?

Back 28

mRNA synthesized antiparallel to DNA template

Front 29

Define:
Codon

Back 29

sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid

Front 30

What are the three stages of Transcription?

Back 30

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Front 31

Define:
promotor

Back 31

DNA sequence that marks beginning of transcription

Front 32

Define:
RNA polymerase

Back 32

enzyme that separates DNA strands and synthesizes RNA strand

Front 33

How does initiation work in prokaryotes?

Back 33

RNA polymerase binds directly to promoter

Front 34

Define:
TATA box

Back 34

specific region of promoter

Front 35

Define:
Transcription Factors

Back 35

proteins that bind to TATA box

Front 36

How does initiation work in Eukaryotes?

Back 36

Transcription Initiation Complex: RNA binds to transcription factors that are bonded to TATA box

Front 37

How does elongation work?

Back 37

RNA polymerase moves along DNA, separating strands and synthesizing RNA
After RNA polymerase passes, RNA detaches from DNA and DNA strands rejoin

Front 38

Define:
Terminator

Back 38

DNA sequence that causes RNA poly,merase to detach

Front 39

Define:
Polyadenylation sequence

Back 39

DNA sequence that signals RNA to be release and transcription complex to detach

Front 40

What is the code of the polyadenylation sequence?

Back 40

AAUAAA

Front 41

How does termination work in Prokaryotes?

Back 41

RNA polymerase reaches terminator and detaches

Front 42

How does termination work in Eukaryotes?

Back 42

RNA polymerase reaches polyadenylation sequence and is released and transcriptiom complex detaches

Front 43

Define:
5' cap

Back 43

modified guanine added to 5' end of mRNA

Front 44

define:
Poly-A tail

Back 44

50-250 adenines added to 3' end

Front 45

What are the functions of the 5' cap and poly-A tail?

Back 45

help export mRNA from nucleus
protect mRNA
help ribosomes attach to mRNA

Front 46

define:
Introns

Back 46

non-coding regions that are cut out of mRNA before it leaves the nucleus

Front 47

define:
Exons

Back 47

coding regions that are spliced together after introns are removed

Front 48

Define:
snRNP

Back 48

proteins + small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Front 49

Define:
Spliceosome

Back 49

snRNPs + protein

Front 50

What is the function of spliceosomes?

Back 50

recognize the specific nucleotide sequence at the end of an intron
cut out introns and splice together exons