Genetics

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Nucleotide

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The monomer of NAs

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Thymine

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Single ring nitrogenous base of dna that pairs with adenine.

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Adenine

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Double ringed nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine or uracil.

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Cytosine

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Single ringed nitrogenous base that pairs with guanine.

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Guanine

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Double ringed nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine.

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Semiconservative model

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Type of dna replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand.

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DNA polymerase

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A large molecular complex that assembles dna nucleotides into polynucleotides using a pre-existing strand of dna as a template.

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DNA ligase

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An enzyme that catalyzes the covalent bonding of adjacent dna polynucleotide stands.

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Transcription

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The synthesis of rna onto a dna template.

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Translation

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The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.

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Triplet code

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A set of 3 nucleotide long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.

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Codon

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A 3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular aa or polypeptide termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

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Genetic code

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The set of rules that dictate the aa translations of each mRNA nucleotide triplet.

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RNA polymerase

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A large molecular complex that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template.

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Messenger RNA

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The type of RNA that encloses genetic information front DNA and conveys it to ribosomes, where the information is translated into aa sequences.

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Transfer RNA

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A type of RNA that has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific aa, and conveys the aa to the appropriate codon.

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Anticodon

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On a tRNA molecule, a specific sequence of 3 nucleotides that is complimentary to codon triplet on mRNA.

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Ribosomal RNA

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The type of RNA that, together with proteins, makes up ribosomes.

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Start codon

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The codon o mRNA to which an initiator tRNA binds, starting translation.

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Stop codon

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In mRNA, one of 3 codons that signals gene translation to stop.

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P site

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One of two of a ribosomes binding sites for tRNA during translation. It holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.

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A site

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One of two of a ribosomes binding sites for tRNA during translation. This site holds the tRNA that carries the next aa In the polypeptide chain.

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Gene regulation

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The turning on and off of genes within a cell in response to environmental factors (such as developmental stage).

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Gene expression

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The process where genetic info flows from genes to proteins; the flow of info from the genotype to the phenotype.

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Promotor

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A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA located near the start of a gene that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins.

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Operator

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In prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor protein can attach. The binding of a repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promotor and transcribing the genes of the operon. This acts as a genetic switch.

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Operon

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A unit of genetic regulation common in prokaryotes; a cluster of genes with related function, along with the promotor and operator that control their transcription.

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Repressor

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A protein that blocks the transcription of a gene or operon.

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Regulatory gene

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A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of other genes.