Molecular Basis Of Heredity

Front 1

character

Back 1

describable feature

Front 2

chromosomes

Back 2

Carriers of the genetic material that is copied and passes from generation to generation of cells.

Front 3

cross pollination

Back 3

Breeding one plant with another that has different characteristics.

Front 4

enzyme

Back 4

Complex proteins produced by living cells that serve as a catalyst for certain biochemical reactions at body temperatures.

Front 5

f1 generation

Back 5

- First filial generation, offspring of the crosses between parents.

Front 6

f2 generation

Back 6

Second filial generation, offspring of the crosses between individuals.

Front 7

gamate

Back 7

sex cell, egg or sperm

Front 8

Meiosis

Back 8

The cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete-producing cells being reduced to one half and that involves a reduction division in which one of each pair of homologous chromosomes passes to each daughter cell and a mitotic division.

Front 9

Mitosis

Back 9

Duplication of a cell and all of its parts.

Front 10

P generation

Back 10

Parental generation, the original cross to take place.

Front 11

Trait

Back 11

A specific attribute, such as brown eyes.

Front 12

True-breeding

Back 12

Producing offspring identical to parents.

Front 13

shows the probability of each possible outcome of a cross between two individuals

Back 13

punnett square

Front 14

punnette square

Back 14

shows the probability of each possible outcome of a cross between two individuals

Front 15

who discovered princicples of inheritence

Back 15

gregor mendel

Front 16

Alleles -

Back 16

Represented by letters. T = dominant allele for tallness; t = recessive allele for shortness.

Front 17

Genotype

Back 17

Genetic makeup (TT, Tt, tt).

Front 18

Heterozygous

Back 18

Having two different alleles for the same trait, such as height (Tt).

Front 19

Homozygous

Back 19

Having two identical alleles for a certain trait, such as height (TT or tt).

Front 20

Phenotype

Back 20

A physical characteristic; the way something "looks" (tall, short).

Front 21

Incomplete Dominance

Back 21

One allele is not completely dominant over the other. The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Front 22

Codominance

Back 22

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism. They don't blend together as in Incomplete Dominance. Rather, they are both individually expressed at the same time.

Front 23

Multiple Alleles

Back 23

A trait is controlled by more than two alleles. (An example is. Blood type has three alleles controlling the four types.)

Front 24

Polygenic Traits

Back 24

Two or more genes control a trait. (Ex. Skin color-more than 4 different genes.)

Front 25

Meiosis Prophase 1

Back 25

Homologous chromosomes pair up. These four chromosomes are called tetrad. This is the key to meiosis. In mitosis, there is no pairing (i.e., no tetrad).

Front 26

Meiosis Metaphase 1

Back 26

etrads line up across the middle, and spindles attach. In mitosis, pairs line up individually, not double.

Front 27

Meiosis Anaphase 1

Back 27

The tetrad is pulled apart, and homologous chromosomes separate.

Front 28

Meiosis Telophase 1:

Back 28

Cytokenesis takes place, resulting in two haploid cells.

Front 29

where are genes located?

Back 29

on the chromosomes

Front 30

where are chromosomes located?

Back 30

inside of the nucleus of cells

Front 31

chromosomes are made up of what?

Back 31

protein and a single molecule of dna

Front 32

the building blocks of DNA

Back 32

nucleuotides

Front 33

what do nucleotides consist of?

Back 33

one sugar, one phosphate group, and one of the four bases

Front 34

four types of nitrogenous bases

Back 34

adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

Front 35

adenine goes with

Back 35

thymine

Front 36

thymine goes with

Back 36

adenine

Front 37

cytosine goes with

Back 37

guanine

Front 38

guanine goes with

Back 38

cytosine

Front 39

says that c and g are paired

Back 39

chargaffs rule

Front 40

when dna copies itself

Back 40

replication

Front 41

enzymes serve as

Back 41

catalysts

Front 42

gene expression is

Back 42

the use of genetic information in dna to make proteins

Front 43

gene expression takes place in two stages

Back 43

transcription and translatino

Front 44

through gene expression, all cell activities are

Back 44

controlled

Front 45

transcription

Back 45

Transcription involves unwinding the DNA strand and using it as a template (similar to what happens in replication); however, only one side of the double helix gets "matched up" with its complementary bases, and the strand that is made "peels" itself off. It acts as a messenger and carries the DNA code to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis. The DNA strand then zips itself back up again.

Front 46

during gene expression the dna code is carried to the

Back 46

ribosome

Front 47

ribosome

Back 47

the site of protein synthesis

Front 48

translation

Back 48

Translation takes place once the "messenger" has arrived at the ribosome. It involves matching the DNA code to the proper protein, which is then assembled in the ribosome.

Front 49

there are 20 different ___ combined to make proteins

Back 49

amino acids

Front 50

mutation

Back 50

any change in dna sequence that would affect the genetic information, bc it was incorrect

Front 51

how can a mutation affect an offspring?

Back 51

if the mutation takes place in a germ cell or fertilized gamate

Front 52

The purpose of mitosis

Back 52

cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction

Front 53

the purpose of meiosis

Back 53

is the production of gametes for sexual reproduction.

Front 54

order of stuff in meiosis and mitosis

Back 54

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase