Genetics

Front 1

Centrioles

Back 1

Located in the cytoplasm, located in a specialized region called the centrosome, organize spindle fibers for movement of chromosomes during meiosis and mitosis

Front 2

How do you determine the number of chromosomes?

Back 2

Count the number of functional centromeres

Front 3

How do you determine the number of DNA molecules ?

Back 3

Cound the number of chromatids.

Front 4

Metacentric

Back 4

centromere in middle of chromosome

Front 5

Submetacentric

Back 5

Centromere between middle and end of chromosome

Front 6

Goal of Mitosis

Back 6

To generate two daughter cells with a full diploid complement of chromosomes as the mother cell

Front 7

Prophase

Back 7

1. The centrioles divide and move apart
2. The nuclear envelope breaks down
3. Chromosomes condense and become visible

Front 8

Prometaphase

Back 8

The chromosomes moce to the equatorial plane of the cell

Front 9

Metaphase

Back 9

1. Centromeres/Chromosomes are aligned at the equatorial plane
2. Spindle fibers bound to kinetochores associated with centromeres are responsible for chromosome movement

Front 10

Anaphase

Back 10

1. Sister chromatids separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles
2. The separated sister chromatids are called daughter chromosomes

Front 11

Telophase

Back 11

1. cytokinesis
2. uncoiling of the chromosomes
3. re-formation of the nuclear envelope

Front 12

Meiosis I

Back 12

Reductional division. Homologous pairs separate

Front 13

Meiosis II

Back 13

an equational division. Sister chromatids separate.

Front 14

Five substages of Prophase I

Back 14

Leptonema
Zygonema
Pachynema
Diplonema
Diakinesis

Front 15

Leptonema

Back 15

1. Chromosomes begin to condense and become visible
2. Homology search begins

Front 16

Zygonema

Back 16

1. Chromosomes continue to shorten
2. Synaptonemal complex is formed between homologs
3. Paired homologs referred to as bivalent

Front 17

Synaptonemal complex

Back 17

found only in chromosomes of cells undergoing meiosis. It is the vehicle for pairing of homologs and their segregation during meiosis.

Front 18

Pachynema

Back 18

1. Chromosomes continue to shorten.
2. More synaptonemal complex formed
3. Two pairs of sister chromatids referred to as tetrad

Front 19

Diplonema

Back 19

1. Chiasma: represent a point where nonsister chromatids have undergone genetic exchange
2. The physical exchange occurs in pachynema

Front 20

Diakinesis

Back 20

1. Nuclear envelope breaks down
2. Two centromeres of each tetrad are attached to spindle fibers
3. chromosomes move to the center of the cells