Genetics

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Metabolic Pathway

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A series of enzyme-controlled reactions that convert compounds from one to another

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Amino Acid

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Basic building-block of proteins

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Gene

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A short region of a chromosome that is responsible for one trait

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Non-disjunction

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Failure of chromatids to seperate during anaphase. Results in aneuploidy

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Okazaki fragment

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A small section of DNA. Occurs because DNA is replicated in the 5' to 3' direction, so on lagging strand it must be made in short sections

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Inducer

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A molecule that binds to the repressor protein. Transcription occurs because the repressor molecule cannot bind to the operator site and prevent transcription

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Helicase

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Unwinds the DNA strand for replication

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RNA

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Single-stranded molecule. Has sugar ribose. U rather than T

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DNA

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Deoxyribosenucleic acid. The molecule that carried the message within the chromosome

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Supplementary genes

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One gene controls the expression of another. Masking of a characteristic determined by one pair of alleles, by the action of another pair of alleles. 9:4:3

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Complementary genes

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Both genes have to have dominant alles present for the final end product of the phenotype to be expressed. Typically, two possible phenotypes. 9:7

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Polygenes

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Single phenotype influenced or determined by more than one gene. Phenotypes exhibit continious variation in a phenotype

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Collaboration

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Working together to make something new. Genes may influence the same trait, but produce a phenotype that could not result from the action of either gene independently

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Lethal alleles

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Mutations of a gene that produce a gene product, which is not only nonfunctional, but may affect the organisms survival

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Ligase

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Joins okazaki fragments in DNA replication

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Chromatin

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Complex of Dna and protein that chromosomes are made up of

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Linkage

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Genes located on the same chromosome. Tend to be inherited together, few genetic combinations of their alleles are possible. Linkage reduces the variety of offspring that can be produced

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Enzymes

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Biological catalyst. they lower the activation energy, therefore speeding up the reaction. They are highly specific. Type of protein. May require co-factors to work. Extremely sensitive to temp and pH

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Meiosis

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Produces gametes. Involves single chromosome duplication followed by two successive nuclear divisions, results in halving of diploid chromosome number.