Genetics 3Rd Exam

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episomes

Back 1

plasmids capable of freely replicating and able to integrat into the bacterial chromosomes

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Plasmid

Back 2

small circular dna molecules. carry genes that are not essentuial to bacterial function but to that might play a role in the life cycle and growth of their bacterial host

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Gene Transfer in Bacteria

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Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

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conjugation

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genetic material passes directly from one bacterium to another

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Transformation

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takes place when a bacterium takes up Dna from the medium it is growing in.

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transduction

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takes place when bacterial viruses carry DNA from one bacterium to another.

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hfr strains

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show a high frequency of recombination, give dna

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f prime cell

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contains f plasmid carrying some bacterial genes

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merozygote

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partial diploid bacterial cell containing F plasmid carrying some bacterial genes that match genomic gene

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competent cells

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cells that take up dna

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transformants

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cells that recieve genetic material

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cotransformed

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cells that are transformed by two or more genes

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r plasmids

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small circular plasmids which can be transferred by conjugation. resistance

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transformation mapping requires

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that two strains of bacteria differ in several genetic traits

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Chromosomes have a distinct

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Size
centromere position
structure
banding pattern

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Abberation

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messed up chromosomes...one of those is off

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Karyotype

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examine individual chromosomes

made using mitotic cells during metaphase

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3 categories of chromosome mutation

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rearrangement
anueploidy
polyploidy

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Rearrangement: duplicated, deleted, translocated or inverted

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involve a piece of the chromosome

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anueploidy-turner syndrome

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extra of fewer chromosomes than normal. involves one chromosome or more

non disjunction

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polyploidy

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extra complete sets of chromosomes

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pseudodominance

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the expression ofa recessive mutation. an indication that one of the homologous chromosomes has a deletion

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haploinsufficient gene

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when a single copy of a gene is not sufficient to produce a wild type phenotype

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notch deletions

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act as dominant mutations

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translocatiosn

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are rearrangements that involve non homologous chromosomes

Produces unbalanced gametes

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Robertsonian translocations

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the short arm of one acrocentric chromosome is exchanged with the long arm of another

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deletions cause

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recessive alleles to be expressed

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autopolyploidy

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: From a single species
Nondisjunction of all chromosomes
Often sterile – too many chromos can pair …seedless fruit

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allopolyploidy

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From two species –
Hybridization between two species
Often sterile – no correct pairing

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genetic material must do 3 things

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contain complex info
replicate
encode phenotype

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chargraff

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adenine=thymine
cytosine=guanine

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avery, macleod, mccarthy

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transforming principle

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griffith

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there is genetic material in dna

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hershey and chase

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The phage infected bacteria contain 32P, not 35S. So DNA must be the genetic material.

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nucleotide

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basic building block of nucleic acid

phosphate sugar and base

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DNA STRUCTURE

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PRIMARY SECONDARY AND TERTIARY

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primary

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nucleotide structure and sequence

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secondary

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the double helix, anti paralell-complimentary DNA strands

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tertiary

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folded into chromosomes

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ribose

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hydroxyl group

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deoxyribose

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has hydrogen atom

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3' end has

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oh group

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5'end has

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phosphate group

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supercoil

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dna tertiary strand type. dna is overwound or underwound

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positive supercoiling

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overrotated molecules

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negative supercoilingn

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underroatated. causes packing problem

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Topioisomerases

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supercoiling is reliant on this. enzymes that add or removes rotations from the dna by temporarily breaking the nucleotide strands, rotating the ends then rejoining the broken ends

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nucleiod

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distict clump of dna

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euchromatin

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undergoes the normal process of condensation and decondensation in the cell sycle

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hetero chroatin

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remains in a highly condensed state throughout the cell cycle

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chromatosome

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core partical and h1 histone

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linker dna

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about 30-40 bp

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wrapping of DNA

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1. OCTAMER
2. dna wraps around octamer as nucleosome..145-147
3.h1 and
nucleosome=chromatosome 146+21=167
between is linker DNA 200 bp
4. 30nm fiber called a helix
5.300nm loops(length) packed to 250nm with help of scaffold proteins
6. 250 coils into700 nm fibers. chromatid

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centromere

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spindle fibers are attached and essential for proper chromosome movement in mitosis and meiosis

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nucleosome

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dna wrapped around a octamer

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Telomere

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repetitive sequences that protect DNA from:
being chewed
fusing with other DNA
enable replication of ends

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transposable elements

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dna sequences capable of moving. can cause mutation

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linear replication

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multiple origins of replication

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requirements of replication

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a template consisting of single stranded dna

raw materials..to be assembled

enzymes and other proteins to read ad assemble substrates

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dna polymerase

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the enzme that synthesizes dna

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okazaki fragments

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short fragments of dna producedby disontinuous synthesis