Genetics

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metaphase

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second phase, begins when the chromatin pairs line up along the center of the cell. this makes is possible for the chromatids to position themselves so that they can migrate to the opposite poles of the cell- tetraploid (4N) 88+4 double normal chromosome #

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genetics

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process to inherit traits/characteristics

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heterozygous

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2 different genes for the same trait; unlike alleles

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hybrid

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offspring produced by breeding two pure lines

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punnett square

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used to seperate genes and find its final result; devised by R.C. Punnett

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father of genetics

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Gregor Mendel

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ribosome

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site of protein synthesis

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codon

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made up of 3 bases

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anaphase

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third phase
nuclear membrane begins to reform- stage where chromatids migrate to the opposite poles of the cell. the chromatid pairs split and the spindle fibers contract pulling each chromosome toward their pole. this process continues until the chromosomes arrive at each pole. the nucleus reappears and the spindle fibers disappear
tetraploid (4N) 88+4 double normal chromosome #

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gene

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made up of DNA; units Mendel studied; segment of DNA that controls the production of a protein; determines specific characteristics of an organism.

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homozygous

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2 alike genes for the same trait; identical alleles

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monohybrid

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genetic crosses w/one trait

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first pure bred parents

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first parental generation

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DNA

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double helix in which genetic code is found

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zygote

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produced by the joining of the eggs

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down syndrome

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what triploidy of chromosome number 21 results in

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telophase

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fourth phase nucleus reappears and the spindle fibers disappear until the cell splits into two. this split is called cytokinesis. we now have 2 daughter cells, each identical in the number and type of chromosomes. they are smaller than the mother cell and will being to develop starting interphase again (2N) (2N)

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chromosome

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made up of a segments of genes, small, dark, cylindrical bodies that are made up of microtubules and located just outside the nucleus; humans have 46

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phenotype

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observable trait

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dihybrid

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genetic crosses w/two traits

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first generation of offspring

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first fillial generation

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Karyokinesis

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division of the nucleus

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haploid

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1N

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gamete

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sex cells; egg and sperm

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genotype

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any unobservable trait; genetic makeup; the actual genes that an organism has

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trihybrid

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genetic crosses w/3 traits

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polyploidy

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extra chromosomes- causing mild to devastating disorders

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Cytokinesis

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uncontrolled division of the cytoplasm

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diploid

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2N

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heredity

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end result of an inherited characteristic

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allele

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alternate ( 2 seperate) form of a gene governs the characteristics of an organism

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translocation

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process when part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome; breaking a piece of a chromosome and adding it to another chromosome

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interphase

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resting stage of the cell, phase that most cells spend the most time in-carrying out its daily activities

diploid (2N) 44+2 normal chromosome #

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tetraploid

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4N

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dominant

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only takes 1 gene for a trait to show up; a phenotype that appears whenever it is present

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phenotypic ratio

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number of dominant compared to the number of recessive

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transcription

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DNA is copied by mRNA; process of producing mRNA from instructions in DNA

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replication

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process by which DNA makes an exact copy of itself

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Y chromosome

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causes maleness

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prophase

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first phase- chromatin is coiled up into visible chromosomes-nucleus disappears, chromatin pulls together and forms pairs of rope-like structures called chromatin pairs. These chromatid pairs are held together by a structure called the centromere- protein microtubules that play a vital role in seperation of sister chromatids. Spindle fibers also begin to appear and alon with the centrioles they migrate to the poles of the cell-homologous chromosomes, tetraploid (4N) 88+4 double normal chromosome #

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reduction division

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cuts chromosome numbers in half only happens in gametes

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recessive

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takes 2 genes for a trait to show up

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genotypic ratio

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number of homozygous compared to heterozygous

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translation

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protein is built according to mRNA

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co-dominance

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equal dominance from 2 genes when they are equally dominant; example- pink snapdragons

only happens in plants!

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nucleotide

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subunit of DNA consisting of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

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DNA mutation

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a mistake of change in the DNA sequence