Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Genetics
|
study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics
|
|
|
Somatic cell
|
a plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism; excludes reproductive cells
|
|
|
Chromosome
|
structure in the nucleus that contains DNA
|
|
|
Sister chromatid
|
one of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at the centromere
|
|
|
Centromere
|
the region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome
|
|
|
Spindle fibre
|
a microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell
|
|
|
Centrosome
|
a structure that helps to form the spindle fibres
|
|
|
Genome
|
the complete DNA sequence of an organism
|
|
|
Sex chromosome
|
an X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex of an organism
|
|
|
Autosome
|
a chromosome that is not involved in determining the sex of an organism
|
|
|
Homologous chromosome
|
a chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome
|
|
|
Gene
|
a part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence
|
|
|
Allele
|
one of two or more forms of a gene
|
|
|
Karyotype
|
a photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell
|
|
|
Trait
|
a distinguishing quality or characteristic
|
|
|
True Breeding
|
a process in which an organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits to its offspring
|
|
|
Cross
|
the fertilization of a female of a specific origin with a male of a specific origin
|
|
|
P Generation
|
the parental generation in breeding
|
|
|
F1 Generation
|
the first generation that was created from the P Generation
|
|
|
F2 Generation
|
the second generation that was produced from the F1 Generation
|
|
|
Monohybrid Cross
|
a cross of two individuals that differ by one trait
|
|
|
Dominant
|
the allele with an uppercase letter that will always appear when an individual has the allele
|
|
|
Recessive
|
the allele with a lowercase letter that will only appear when it is homozygous recessive (bb or dd)
|
|
|
Law of segregation
|
the traits are determined by pairs of alleles that segregate during meiosis so that each gamete receives one allele
|
|
|
Genotype
|
the combination of alleles for any given trait, or the organism's entire genetic makeup (BbCc or BBcc)
|
|
|
Phenotype
|
the physical and physiological traits of an organism
|
|
|
Homozygous
|
when the alleles are the same letter case, homozygous dominant is when both alleles are dominant (uppercase), homozygous recessive is when both alleles are recessive (lowercase)
|
|
|
Heterozygous
|
when the alleles are different letter cases, one is uppercase (dominant) and the other is lowercase (recessive), the dominant allele will always be shown in the offspring
|
|
|
Punnett square
|
a grid used to illustrate all possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
|
|
|
Test cross
|
A cross between a parent of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive parent.
|
|
|
Dihybrid cross
|
A cross between two individuals that differ in two traits due to two different genes.
|
|
|
Law of independent assortment
|
The law that states that during gamete formation, the two alleles for one gene segregate or assort independently of the alleles for other genes.
|
|
|
Chromosome theory of inheritance
|
The theory stating that traits determined by genes are inherited through the movement of chromosomes during meiosis.
|
|
|
Selective breeding
|
The process of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits.
|
|
|
Artificial insemination
|
The process by which sperm is collected and concentrated before being introduced to the female’s reproductive tract.
|
|
|
Embryo transfer
|
The process in animals by which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient female’s uterus.
|
|
|
In vitro fertilization
|
The technique used to fertilize egg cells outside of the female’s body.
|
|
|
Cloning
|
A process that produces identical copies of genes, cells, or organisms.
|
|
|
Gene cloning
|
The use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a gene or segment.
|
|
|
Recombinant DNA
|
A molecule of DNA that includes genetic material from different sources.
|
|
|
Therapeutic cloning
|
The process of replacing an egg cell’s nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell to produce a cell line of genetically identical cells.
|
|
|
Reproductive cloning
|
The process of producing genetically identical organisms.
|
|
|
Stem cell
|
An undifferentiated cell that can become specialized into different cell types of the body.
|
|
|
Pedigree
|
A flowchart that uses symbols to show the inheritance patterns of traits in a family over many generations.
|
|
|
Autosomal Inheritance
|
The inheritance of traits determined by genes on the autosomal chromosomes.
|
|
|
Autosomal dominant
|
Describes the inheritance of a dominant phenotype whose gene is on an autosomal chromosome.
|
|
|
Autosomal recessive
|
Describes the inheritance of a recessive phenotype whose gene is on an autosomal chromosome.
|
|
|
Genetic counsellor
|
A health-care professional with specialized training in medical genetics and counselling.
|
|
|
Gene theory
|
The gene theory is a view on evolution that is centered on genes.
|
|
|
Linked genes
|
Genes that are on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.
|
|
|
Sex-linked trait
|
A trait controlled by genes on the X or the Y chromosome.
|
|
|
Asexual Reproduction
|
reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring.
|
|
|
Sexual reproduction
|
reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring.
|
|
|
Gamete
|
a male or female reproductive cell, a haploid sex cell
|
|
|
Zygote
|
a diploid cell formed by the fusion of two gametes
|
|
|
Fertilization
|
the joining of male and female haploid gametes
|
|
|
Haploid
|
describes a cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
|
|
|
Diploid
|
describes a cell that that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes
|
|
|
Meiosis
|
the cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell; the process of cell division that produces haploid sex cells
|
|
|
Synapsis
|
the alignment of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 in meiosis 1
|
|
|
Spermatogenesis
|
the process of producing male gametes in mammals
|
|
|
Oogenesis
|
the process of producing female gametes in mammals
|
|
|
Crossing over
|
the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous structures
|
|
|
Nondisjunction
|
the failure of homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis
|
|
|
Monosomy
|
the loss of a chromosome as a result of nondisjunction
|
|
|
Trisomy
|
the gain of an extra chromosome as a result of nondisjunction
|
|
|
Bioinformatics
|
a field of study that deals with using computer technology to create and analyze large databases of information
|
|
|
Genomics
|
the study of genomes and the complex interactions of genes that result on phenotypes
|
|
|
Genetic Profile
|
the complete genotype of an individuals, including various mutations
|
|
|
Incomplete dominance
|
a condition in which neither allele for a gene completely conceals the presence of the other; it results in intermediate expression of a trait
|
|
|
Codominance
|
a condition in which both alleles for a trait are equally expressed in a heterozygote; both alleles are dominant
|
|
|
Heterozygous advantage
|
a survival benefit for individuals who inherit two different alleles for the same trait
|
|
|
Continuous variation
|
a range of variation in one trait resulting from the activity of many genes
|
|
|
Polygenic trait
|
a trait that is controlled by more than one gene
|
