Genes, Cells And Populations 1St Year

Front 1

Cell walls in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Back 1

Peptidoglycan /sugars/peptides in prokaryotes

Cellulose or chitin in eukaryotes (but lacking in animals)

Front 2

Flagella & Cilia in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Back 2

Prokaryotes have flagella made of flagellin

Eukaryotes have flagella or Cilia with microtubules

Front 3

Metabolism in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Back 3

Prokaryotes are (obligate) anaerobic/facultive aerobic

Eukaryotes are aerobic

Front 4

Genetic organisation in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Back 4

Loop of DNA in cytoplasm in prokaryotes

Chromosomes and membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes

Front 5

Reproduction in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Back 5

Asexual binary fission in prokaryotes

Sexual mitosis/meiosis in eukaryotes

Front 6

Advantage to having small cells

Back 6

Larger sa:v allows rapid absorption of products and secretion of waste

Faster diffusion due to shorter diffusion pathway

Front 7

Reasons for compartmentation in cells

Back 7

1. Maintain different environments to allow incompatible processes to occur simultaneously

2. Assists metabolic regulation by keeping enzymes etc in separate locations

3. Locally high metabolic concentrations

4. Sequestration of toxic substances away from other organelles

5. Destruction of substances and organelles (lysosomes)

6. Cells secrete internalise proteins (ER/Golgi)

Front 8

Why are there proliferations in the epidermal transfer cells of broad beans?

Back 8

Increase sa:v so as to increase the rate of transferal of nutrients into the seed

Front 9

Groups of prokaryotes

Back 9

Bacteria and Archaea

Front 10

Groups of eukaryotes

Back 10

Plants, protists, fungi and animals

Front 11

Capsule

Back 11

Polysaccharide layer of prokaryotes used for sticking cells together - as a food reserve and as a protection against phagocytosis

Front 12

Fimbriae

Back 12

Hairs on prokaryotes involved in adherence to surfaces

Front 13

Centriole

Back 13

Organelle found in animal cells which organise spindle fibers during mitosis

Front 14

Glycosome

Back 14

Lysosome/peroxisome found in eukaryotes involved in glycogen storage and metabolism

Front 15

How does nucleus compartmentation help?

Back 15

Compartmenting the genome from the cytoplasm allows gene expression to be regulated

Front 16

Function of cytoskeleton

Back 16

Provides anchorage and gives mechanical support to help maintain its shape. This is especially important for animal cells since they lack cell walls

Acts as track ways to directly transport substances across the cell

Front 17

Where is the cytoskeleton commonly located

Back 17

Next to the RER which synthesises the protein filaments required

Front 18

Microfilaments

Back 18

Small actin fibres -two intertwined strands- which acts with myosin for muscle contraction

Front 19

Microtubules

Back 19

Large, hollow, cylindrical tubes of tubulin

Determine cell shape and provide a travesty for movement of cell organelles and vesicles

Form spindle fibres in mitosis

Front 20

What positions the nucleus?

Back 20

Intermediate filaments coiled with keratin

Front 21

Motor proteins

Back 21

Used by organelles such as vesicles to walk to their destinations along the cytoskeleton track

Powered by ATP

Kinesin travels away from the nucleus (+)

Dynein travels towards the nucleus (-)

Front 22

Melanophores

Back 22

Motor proteins transport pigments in me Kano so messy along microtubules.

Cells can either aggregate their pigment (appears light) or disperse thought the cytoplasm (appears dark)

Front 23

3 families of protein filaments found in cytoskeleton

Back 23

Actin

Intermediates

Microtubules

Front 24

What must the ER do to polypeptides before it is transported to the Golgi Apparatus?

Back 24

Properly fold and modify

Front 25

How do proteins enter the ER?

Back 25

Translocator on ER surface recognises protein using signals and then allows it to pass through bad translocon pore

Front 26

What processes occur to enhance protein stability before secretion?

Back 26

Glycosylation (adding a carbohydrate)

Disulphide bond formation

Front 27

What structure is on vesicles and why is it there?

Back 27

Protruding protein complex

Allows them to dock and fuse with their target membranes precisely

Front 28

Protein bodies

Back 28

Animals - stored for growth and development

Plants - stored in the vacuole to provide carbon, nitrogen and sulphur for rapid growth

Front 29

Chaperones -why are they needed and what happens if they don't work correctly?

Back 29

Proteins that assist the correct folding and assembly of polypeptides

Incorrect proteins are retained in the ER and targeted for degradation and recycling by lysosomes (autopagy)

Front 30

Autophagy

Back 30

Lysis and recycling of is folded proteins

Front 31

Function on vacuole

Back 31

Storage of cell sap (main respiratory of organic ions)

Isolates toxic substances

Anti-herbivory using cyaogenic glucosides (ricin)

Acts as a homeostatic device maintaining hydrostatic pressure (cell turgidity)