Genes And Society

Front 1

restriction enzymes

Back 1

DNA cutting ezymes; cuts phosphodiester bond that joins adjacent nucleotides
bind to, recognize, cut DNA w/ specific sequences of bases, usualy 4 or 6 nucleotides

Front 2

plasmid DNA

Back 2

circular form of DNA
primarily found in bacteria; extrachromosomal b/c present in bacerial cytoplasm and bacterial chromosome; self replicating

Front 3

Cohen and Boyer

Back 3

cut plasmid and joined together fragments from each using DNA ligase to creat new, hybrid

boyer: cutting and sticking
cohen: insertion and replication of plasmid DNA

Front 4

ligation

Back 4

=sticking DNA together

sticky ends b/c can form base pairing H bonds, seals ends

1. 2 pieces of DNA w/ complimentary ends
2. H bonds form b/w complimentary bases
3. ends are sealed by ligase

Front 5

how to get piece of DNA into a cell

Back 5

-electroporation
-chemical treatments
-lipid based systems
-microinjection
-particle bombardment
-viruses

Front 6

vector

Back 6

carrier for foreign/target DNA
pieces of DNA that can accept,carry, replicate other pieces of DNA

Front 7

restriction mapping

Back 7

cloned DNA separated and visualized showing sites taht are cut by specific restriction enzymes

Front 8

gel electrophoresis

Back 8

separationg of cloned fragmens on gel according to size
migrates from - to +
smaller pieces move faster (toward + end), travel furthest

Front 9

southern blot test

Back 9

1. gel electrophoresis: separate fragments by size (see which fragments contain novel gene)
2.treat with alkaline solution to denature DNA, transfer fragments to nitrocellulose (blotting)
3.hybridize base pairs using piece of labeled DNA as probe

Front 10

probe

Back 10

single stranded fragments of DNA or RNA w/ complementary ccode for specific sequence of bases

Front 11

RFLP

Back 11

cuting DNA with number of restriction enzymes and getting fragments of DNA which vary in size from individual to individual

Front 12

VNTRs

Back 12

cutting DNA at specific sites, so fragments collected are various sizes as result of individual's number of repeats in specific introns. can use PCR to amplify amount of DNA in sample

Front 13

DNA fingerprints

Back 13

extract DNA, cut using restriction enzymes, separate fragments by size on a gel, transfer to nitrocellulose (southern blot), hybridize using a specific radioactive VNTR

Front 14

PCR

Back 14

=making lots of copies of a piece of DNA
1.separate strand of target by denaturing (heating)
2.add 2 specific primers that recognize/hybridize with either end of target and go in converging directions
3.again heat to denature the 4 strands
4.lower temp to allow primers to anneal (hybridize) to all 4 strands
5.raise temp again to synthesize polymerase

Front 15

francis collins

Back 15

human genome project

Front 16

craig venter

Back 16

celera
used public info to push public effort of human genome project
criticized by many, watson

Front 17

what mRNA tells us

Back 17

what genes being expressed at what levels
level tells us which proteins being produced and functioning

Front 18

cDNA

Back 18

complementary DNA
stable, can be measured quantitatively

Front 19

proteome

Back 19

=all the protein contained w/in a cell or organism
reflect state of a biological system

Front 20

bovine heart proteins

Back 20

separate proteins according to size and acidity