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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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meiosis
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sexual reproduction, 2n-->1n
produces 4 haploid daughter 2 cell divisions each contains 1 member of each pair of homologous chromosome how gametes form 1 set of chromosomes |
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mitosis
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asexual reproduction,2n-->2n
produces identical daughter cells, full complement of DNA somatic cells 2 sets of chromosomes |
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mutations at chromosomal level
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-translocation (hybrid, chromosomes exchange)
-insertion (peice of chromosome insertd into different chrom) -deletion (i piece deleted) -duplication (1 piece repeated) -inversion (order inverted) |
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DNA properties
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anti-parellel polarity
2 strands bound together with hydrogen bonds b/w bases sugar, phosphate group, base= 1 nucleotide; base determines specific typoe of nucleotide synthesized in 5 to 3 direction |
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base bonds
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G, C triple bond
A, T double bond |
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polarity
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at 5 end: phosphate at carbon 5 not bonded to another nucleotide (carbon 3 involved in phosphodiester bond)
at 3 end: phosphate at carbon5 bonded to antoher nucleotide but carbon3 not joined to another nucleotide |
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gene
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=short segment of DNA; sequence of nucleotides that provides cell w/ instructions for synthesis of specific protein
influences how cells, tissues, organs appear; inherited appearances=traits |
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flow of genetic info
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DNA->transcription=mRNA ->translation=protein
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chromsomes
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formed during DNA replicatin only
1-22 are autosomes 23 is sex chromosome sister chromatids=exact replicas of each other copied during DNA synthesis |
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transcriptional regulation
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controlling amount of mRNA transcribed from particular gene as way to turn genes on or off
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transcriptional factors
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DNA binding proteins that can bind promoters and interact w/ RNA polymerase to stimulate transcriptoin of a gene
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genetic mutations
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-point: change in single nucleotide; often base pair substitution where base pair replaced by different base pair
-insertion: nucleotide inserted into gene sequence -deletion: removal of base pair |
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gene mutation can cause...
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change in protein structure/function, synthesis or nonfunctional protein, or not protein synthesized... change or loss of trait
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protein mutations
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silent: changes codon sequence of gene to another codon that codes from same amion acid (no effect on structure or function)
missense:change a codon so that different amino acid is coded for, may or not change structure of protein nonsense: change a codon for an amino acid into stop codon, abnormally shorted protein (usually nonfunctional) |
