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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Living in an aquatic environment
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-73% of the earth’s surface is water
->60% of that is more than 1 mile deep -Most is saltwater -Freshwater ~0.01% of the earth -Some of the most productive habitats on earth |
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What challenges do aquatic vertebrates face?
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-hydrostatic pressure changes
-getting oxygen -sunlight -predator -buoyancy and density -viscosity of air and water -electrical impulses |
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What changes in water? And how do aquatic vertebrates adapt?
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-Density -neutral buoyancy
-Viscosity -shape -O2 content -modes of respiration -Homeostasis -Ultrafiltration -Heat capacity -Endo-, ectothermy -Heat conductivity -Countercurrents and regional heterothermy -Electrical conductivity -find prey and defense and location -Sense -adaptive sense structures |
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Characteristics of Breathing Underwater
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-Gills- designed to maximize pulling O2 out of the water, secondary lamella harvest water by counter current
-Buccal Pumping- passive pumping -Ram Ventilation- sharks, swim with their mouth open to force respiratory current across gills -Countercurrent Exchange- blood flow one way across gills, water flows the other way across the gills -Lungs- not mammals, lungs first appeared in the fish way before tetra pods evolved Why would fish evolve lungs? -Low levels of dissolved oxygen |
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What are some Lung Accessories?
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-Enlarged lips- to gulp air
-Labyrinths- vacularized regions behind head -Alveolar lungs- used in gas exchange, folds and pockets to increase surface air to increase gas exchange , also you can add another lobe- tetra pods and humans have two lobes |
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Why is density important in the water?
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-Gravity
-Keeps you afloat or makes you sink |
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How does a fish maintain position?
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-Buoyancy
-Lungs and swim bladders- smaller bladder in salt water, as you increase pressure swim bladder decreases, as you decrease pressure swim bladder increases, fish regulates swim bladder by secreting gas through the gas gland, hemoglobin doesn’t hold O2 well so it goes into the swim bladder -Saltwater vs. freshwater -Physostomous fish- neumatic duct attaches swim bladder with stomach -Physoclistic fish- no duct so it relies more on the rete mirabile -Rete mirabile -nitrogenous compounds- sharks and rays concentrate urea and trimethylineoxide, more positive buoyancy than water, keeps them floating up and oils stored in liver also keeps them floating -Oil or Fat- deep sea fish |
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How do deep-diving mammals keep afloat?
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The bends- mammals collapse lungs, minimize the amount of nitrogen that is absorbed in the blood, if you come up to fast, nitrogen expands in the blood and forms bubbles in the tissues
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What happens to Visison underwater?
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-Light refraction- light moving through air and water column gets bent, in water it is 1.3 air has refraction index of about 1
-Lenses- the lenses actually moves in fish, and the shape of the muscles of the lenses moves in terrestrial vertebrates |
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What happens to Taste Underwater?
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-Taste buds- located around the body
-Chemical olfaction- detect soluble stuff in water, sharks and salmon sense of smell- salmon detect smells and use chemicals to home |
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What happens to Touch Underwater?
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fish have an inner ear and a labyrinth organ which detects changes in speed and motion, gravity detectors that detect up and down
-Mechanical receptors -Lateral line- , hair cells in head and fins and lateral line -Electroreception/location- aqueous solution allows salt ions to carry electrical signal, sharks and rays detect muscle contractions and homeostasis, elephant fish can use electrical impulses to navigate, can see which things create electrical impulses, Electric eel uses it for defense |
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How does the Lateral Line system work?
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epidermal depressions- by displacing hair cells and nerve firing that lets the fish know the water current on the surfaces of its body
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How do fish use Electrical Impulses Underwater?
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-Electrorection and ampullae of Lorenzini- pores along fishes head that are highly sensitive to temperature and pressure
-Teleost electrolocation -Only in water- electricity works well in water -Modified muscles with electrocytes- specialized for creating ion current flow, current flow is due to sodium moving inward and potassium moving outward -Locate prey -Defense -Courtship -Sodium-potassium imbalance Most electric fish found in tropical fish |
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How is Electroreception used in Electrolocation?
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-Ampullae of Lorenzini- sharks can detect changes electrical impulses in muscles
-Temperature changes- can find pockets of fish by thermal tracts through ocean Sharks can use lateral line to navigate with the earth’s electromagmatic field -Navigation in teleosts- pulses that they emit differ between species, high frequency short duration in shallow waters or schools, lower frequency longer duration pulses in territorial fish -Ampullary organs -Tuberous organs -Monotremes |
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How do aquatic vertebrates overcome problems of homeostasis?
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A leaky Bag of Dirty Water
-The problem with Ammonia –nephrons produces urine -Ultrafiltration through kidneys -Osmotic pressure- high to low movement of water, sea water 1000mmol/kg , most marine invertebrates and hag fish have the same body fluid concentration as the sea -Isosmolal -Hyposmolal- lower body concentration of solutes compared to surround sea water -Hperosmolal- sharks maintain nitrogenous compounds have higher concentrations of solutes relative to sea water -Changes in salinity-salt water fish in danger of losing water to system, fresh water fish have too much water -Stenohaline- do not tolerate changes in salinity very well -Euryhaline- has more tolerance for salinity Concentrations of ions in water affect concentrations in the blood Teleost doesn’t drink, lots of urine which lacks salts Marine fish- drink in salt water that actively pump out chloride ions |
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Name some differences between freshwater and marine organisms
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-Freshwater fish produce high-water urine
-Saltwater fish produce high-ion urine -Cartilaginous fish retain nitrogenous compounds |
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Characteristics of Thermoregulation
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-Rates of chemical reactions increase/decrease with temperature changes (Q10)-ration or rate ten degrees higher or lower, SMR tied with temperature
-Endothermy- metabolism to primarily increase the temperature of their bodies -Ectothermy- fish, reptiles and amphibians use external sources to increase temp in their bodies- these two are not mutually exclusive- roadrunner -Regional heterothermy – different temps in different parts of animals bodies- rete mirable increase fishes body temperature so it is higher than the water in the surrounding environment |
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How do aquatic mammals thermoregulate?
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-Pelage- traps air close to their body, animals must groom to maintain trapped air later
-Blubber- fat, under skin- flippers for thermo regulation -Countercurrent Exchange |
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Characteristics of Size
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-Volume increase in cubic fashion
-Surface area increases as square -Larger object has les surface area relative to its volume Larger species have less area exposed to environment |
