General Science

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

genetic information of an individual

Front 2

daughter cells

Back 2

cell produced after cell division

Front 3

an equal seperation and distribution of the chromosomes from one parent cell to two new daughter cells is the end result of

Back 3

mitosis

Front 4

control center for hunger, thirst, body temperature, and blood pressure

Back 4

hypothalamus

Front 5

classification of life

Back 5

taxonomy

Front 6

change in one or more characteristics of a population of organisms overtime

Back 6

evolution

Front 7

group of organisms that can mate with each other under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring

Back 7

species

Front 8

clean odorless gas that supports combustion it reacts with all elements to form stable oxides

Back 8

oxygen

Front 9

a metal and a nonmetal bound together is classified as a

Back 9

formula unit

Front 10

most materials you see are not made of just one type of element. most materials are made of

Back 10

compounds

Front 11

the end result of meiosis is the production of

Back 11

four genetically distinct daughter cells from each parent

Front 12

converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

Back 12

generator

Front 13

on the periodic table, elements to the left of the dark "stair step" line are

Back 13

metals

Front 14

on the periodic table, elements to the right of the dark "stair step" line are

Back 14

nonmetals

Front 15

on the periodic table, elements that straddle the dark "stair step" line are

Back 15

metalloids or semimetals

Front 16

defining characteristic of an atom

Back 16

atomic number

Front 17

clear colorless odorless gas makes up 75% of the earth's atmosphere. it is very stable molecule, is not flammable and reacts with very few other elements. a major use is in ammonia and nitrates both used in fertilizers

Back 17

nitrogen

Front 18

makes up 75% of the earth's atmosphere

Back 18

nitrogen

Front 19

insolation is another name for

Back 19

solar radiation

Front 20

when eggs and sperm unite to form a zygote

Back 20

reproduction

Front 21

usually foliated minerals aligned into bands

Back 21

metamorhic rocks

Front 22

the direction earth rotates as it revolves around the sun

Back 22

counterclockwise

Front 23

earth's axis of rotation is tilted how many degrees

Back 23

23 1/2

Front 24

high energy, light particle

Back 24

gamma ray

Front 25

an electron is what kind of particle

Back 25

beta particle

Front 26

motion about an axis

Back 26

rotation

Front 27

the mass of one mole of a compound

Back 27

molar mass (g/mol)

Front 28

the work you do against gravity is the

Back 28

gravitational potential energy

Front 29

quantity having both magnitude and direction

Back 29

vector

Front 30

devices that convert energy from one form to another

Back 30

generator, motor, battery, photocells and photovoltaic

Front 31

kinetic and potential energy of an object change when what is done by or on a object

Back 31

work

Front 32

energy possessed by an object because of it motion

Back 32

kinetic energy

Front 33

energy possessed by an object due to its position

Back 33

potential or stored energy

Front 34

two main types of energy

Back 34

potential and kinetic

Front 35

when force is applied in the same direction as the motion it generates the force is

Back 35

positive

Front 36

when force is applied in a direction opposite to the motion it is

Back 36

negative

Front 37

the process of cellular respiration requires the presence of

Back 37

oxygen

Front 38

energy released during cellular respiration is stored as

Back 38

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 39

various forms of genes

Back 39

alleles

Front 40

inorganic crystalline substances with definite chemical compositions and unique physical properties

Back 40

minerals

Front 41

in humans cells there are how many chromosomes organized into how many pairs

Back 41

46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs

Front 42

many plant and animal cells have how many set of chromosomes

Back 42

2 sets of chromosomes

Front 43

crystalline rocks

Back 43

igneous rocks

Front 44

comprised of cemented rock fragments and may contain fossils

Back 44

sedimentary rocks

Front 45

an object that has no net or unbalanced force acting on it will remain at rest or it will move with a constant velocity in a straight line

Back 45

newton's first law of motion

Front 46

the number of protons and neutrons in an element is the element's

Back 46

mass number

Front 47

permits humans to be aware of the external environment and react to it voluntarily

Back 47

sensory somatic system

Front 48

portions of DNA molecules that determine the characteristics of an individual

Back 48

genes

Front 49

which type of cell division produces eggs and sperm

Back 49

meiosis

Front 50

meiosis produces how many daughter cells from each parent

Back 50

4

Front 51

the measure of how much acid there is in a solution

Back 51

ph scale

Front 52

when one substance breaks down into two or more different materials

Back 52

decomposition reaction

Front 53

much of this is recycled through respiration, the majority is recycled through decomposition

Back 53

carbon

Front 54

areas of low pressure

Back 54

rarefractions

Front 55

transport blood and oxygen from the lungs to various tissues of the body

Back 55

circulatory system

Front 56

characterized by climate conditions and species which live there

Back 56

biome

Front 57

transports oxygen from the environment into the lungs

Back 57

respiratory system

Front 58

atom where's there more electrons than protons resulting in a negative charge

Back 58

anion

Front 59

two basic features all cells share

Back 59

plasma membrane and cytoplasm

Front 60

animals, plants and microorganisms obtain the energy they need through the process of

Back 60

cellular respiration

Front 61

unique type of cell division that produces four daughter cells from each parent

Back 61

meiosis

Front 62

every solid, liquid, and gas in the universe is formed from

Back 62

atoms

Front 63

a material that cannot be chemically broken down into something simpler

Back 63

element

Front 64

made up of atoms

Back 64

elements

Front 65

the equation

carbon dioxiode + water -> glucose(sugar) + oxygen + water

is known as

Back 65

photosynthesis with the release of oxygen into the atomosphere

Front 66

areas of high pressure

Back 66

compressions

Front 67

genes can take on various forms called

Back 67

alleles

Front 68

rate at which any device converts energy from one form to another

Back 68

power

Front 69

like speed, velocity describes how fast an object is moving but velocity also specifies the

Back 69

direction of motion

Front 70

the nerves extending to and from the central nervous system makeup the

Back 70

peripheral nervous system

Front 71

mass product equals the combined mass of the

Back 71

reactants

Front 72

cell division where the daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Back 72

meiosis

Front 73

the various plants and animal species living in a area each population of organisms has a habitat and a nich or role

Back 73

community

Front 74

white blood cells are also called

Back 74

leukocytes

Front 75

the human nervous system is divided into the

Back 75

central and periphal nervous systems

Front 76

the brain and spinal cord makeup the

Back 76

central nervous system

Front 77

organic chemistry is the study of

Back 77

carbon based molecules

Front 78

acts on an object whether or not it is falling, resting on the ground or being lifted

Back 78

force of gravity

Front 79

measure of the amount of matter in an object not dependent on gravity

Back 79

mass

Front 80

wieght of an object varies from place to place and depends on

Back 80

gravity

Front 81

force that opposes the motion between two surfaces that are in contact

Back 81

friction

Front 82

two types of friction

Back 82

static friction and kinetic friction

Front 83

force that opposes motion of an object at rest

Back 83

static friction

Front 84

opposing force between surfaces in relatie motion

Back 84

kinetic friction

Front 85

transfer of energy to an object when the object moves due to application of force

Back 85

work

Front 86

converts electrical energy into mechanical energy

Back 86

motor

Front 87

any substance that offers little resistance to changes in its shape when pressure is applied

Back 87

fluid

Front 88

only gases and liquids are considered

Back 88

fluids

Front 89

one of the most important properties that characterize fluids is their ability to exert

Back 89

pressure

Front 90

states energy can neither be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

Back 90

law of conservation of energy

Front 91

as kinetic energy increases what decreases

Back 91

gravitational potential energy

Front 92

as gravitational potential energry decreases what increases

Back 92

kinetic energy

Front 93

usually forms cations

Back 93

metals

Front 94

average mass of all the naturally occuring isotopes of an element

Back 94

atomic mass

Front 95

obtained by averaging the masses of an element's isotopes

Back 95

atomic mass

Front 96

the electrons found in the outer shell of an atom and responsible for holding atoms together when making a compound

Back 96

valence electrons

Front 97

from left to right on the periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of the number of what in their nucleus

Back 97

protons

Front 98

two basic processes occuring in order for the genotype to be expressed as a phenotype

Back 98

transcription and translation

Front 99

element's one or two letter designation

Back 99

atomic or elemental symbol

Front 100

genotype

Back 100

DNA of an individual

Front 101

cell division where the daughter cells function as gametes

Back 101

meiosis

Front 102

gametes

Back 102

eggs and sperm

Front 103

products of fermentation

Back 103

carbon dioxide and ethanol

Front 104

all objects above earth undergo vertical motion this vertical motion is called

Back 104

free fall

Front 105

two types of graphs used to analyze motion

Back 105

positon time graph and velocity time graph

Front 106

when an object accelerates in the same direction it is moving in

Back 106

positive acceleration

Front 107

an increase in velocity

Back 107

acceleration

Front 108

a decrease in velocity

Back 108

decceleration

Front 109

the time it takes for 50% of a material to decay into another species

Back 109

half life

Front 110

small disk shaped blood fragments produced in bone marrow and starting material for blood clotting

Back 110

platelets

Front 111

extension of the circulatory system that includes the spleen

Back 111

lymphatic system

Front 112

cell division with the end result being the production of 4 genetically distinct daughter cells

Back 112

meiosis

Front 113

the 4 oceans largest to smallest

Back 113

pacific, atlantic, indian, and artic

Front 114

organisms that break down dead organism and recycle the nutrients back into the environment

Back 114

decomposers

Front 115

successive levels in a food chain and on a food pyramid

Back 115

trophic levels

Front 116

most abundant element in the universe (but not on earth) a clear odorless gas

Back 116

hydrogen (H)

Front 117

second most abundant element in the univers but present only in very small fraction on earth a colorless odorless gas that is not flammable

Back 117

helium (He)

Front 118

air parcels with relatively uniform temperature and moisture content

Back 118

air masses

Front 119

mammals whose embryos develop within the mothers uterus for a short perios of time before birth, after birth the baby completes development in the mothers abdominal pouch

Back 119

marsupials

Front 120

these mammals have a placenta , a connection between the embryo and the mother's uterine wall that allos the embryo to obtain nutrients, the baby completes development in the uterus

Back 120

placental mammals

Front 121

are always at the top of the food pyramid in low number

Back 121

consumers

Front 122

the role that an organism plays in the community

Back 122

niche

Front 123

always at the base of the food pyramid in high number

Back 123

producers

Front 124

all the organisms living together in a community with each other and with non living factors like water, light, and soil

Back 124

ecosystem

Front 125

discipline of biology concerned primarily with the interaction between organisms and their environment

Back 125

ecology

Front 126

prokaryotic cells

Back 126

simple cells

Front 127

nucleus

Back 127

contains DNA

Front 128

ribosomes

Back 128

where cells make protiens

Front 129

where chlorophyll is stored in plant cells

Back 129

chloroplasts

Front 130

active transport requires the cell to

Back 130

expend energy

Front 131

we live on the earth's thinnest layer the

Back 131

crust

Front 132

plants absorb light in what color wavelengths

Back 132

red and blue

Front 133

how many elements have been found or created

Back 133

112

Front 134

process in which cells break down carbohydrates (such as glucose) in order to produce water and carbon dioxide

Back 134

cellular respiration

Front 135

chlorophyll molecules reflect what color light

Back 135

green

Front 136

anything with a definite mass that takes up volume

Back 136

matter

Front 137

red blood cells are also called

Back 137

erythrocytes

Front 138

plasma membrane is also known as the

Back 138

skin of cell

Front 139

movement of molecules from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration

Back 139

diffusion

Front 140

type of diffusion with movement of water into and out of the cell

Back 140

osmosis

Front 141

defined mass, volume, and shape

Back 141

solid

Front 142

defined mass and volume but not a defined shape

Back 142

liquid

Front 143

defined mass but no defined volume or shape
will expand to fill any container

Back 143

gas

Front 144

nervous system that works involuntarily

Back 144

autonomic

Front 145

amu stands for

Back 145

atomic mass units

Front 146

subatomic particles that make up atoms

Back 146

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Front 147

specific collections of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons

Back 147

atoms

Front 148

elements of the periodic table that are among the most abundant on earth and in the universe

Back 148

first 20

Front 149

elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Back 149

isotopes

Front 150

another name for sun centered

Back 150

heliocentric

Front 151

study of all celestial objects including earth

Back 151

astronomy

Front 152

plasma membrane

Back 152

outer boundary of cell

Front 153

the major rock types

Back 153

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

Front 154

3 essiential principles governing fluids in motion or at rest

Back 154

archimedes, pascals, and bernoulli principles

Front 155

when an object accelerates in the opposite direction it is moving

Back 155

decceleration or negative acceleration

Front 156

pure water is neither acidic or basic therefore it is

Back 156

neutral

Front 157

the biosphere is divided into subunits called

Back 157

biomes

Front 158

the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom is what kind of energy

Back 158

potential energy

Front 159

when acids and bases react they form what as their products

Back 159

water and salt

Front 160

solutions with low ph's between 0 through 7 are

Back 160

acidic

Front 161

solutions with a ph of exactly 7 are

Back 161

neutral

Front 162

solutions with high ph of 7 through 14 are

Back 162

basic

Front 163

the material in a solution in greater quantity

Back 163

solvent

Front 164

the material that is dissolved the solvent

Back 164

solute

Front 165

series of pressure vibrations that are transmitted through matter

Back 165

sound waves

Front 166

elliptical paths

Back 166

orbits

Front 167

what percentage of the earth is covered in water

Back 167

71%

Front 168

insulates the earth provides a means to absorb, refract and reflect the energy reaching us from the sun

Back 168

atmosphere

Front 169

classification of cells

Back 169

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Front 170

fundamental particles matter is made up of

Back 170

protons, neutrons and electrons

Front 171

4 ways materials pass through the plasma membrane

Back 171

osmosis, diffusion, active transport and facilitated diffusion

Front 172

types of mammals

Back 172

marsupials, monotremes, and placental mammals

Front 173

cytoplasm

Back 173

semi liquid foundation of cell

Front 174

the different layers of earth

Back 174

core, mantle, asthenosphere, crust

Front 175

neutron symbol and neutron relative charge

Back 175

symbol n
relative charge 0

Front 176

two types of sound waves

Back 176

compressions and rarefactions

Front 177

group of individuals belonging to one species living in a defined area

Back 177

population

Front 178

fertilized egg cell

Back 178

zygote

Front 179

clear colorless odorless non reactive gas makes up 1% of the atmosphere used in light bulbs and in welding

Back 179

argon

Front 180

a atom or group of atoms with a charge

Back 180

ion

Front 181

each column in the periodic table is called a

Back 181

group

Front 182

each group on the periodic table has a similiar configuration of

Back 182

electrons

Front 183

the number atop the columns of in the periodic table indicates the number of what in an element

Back 183

electrons

Front 184

instead of calling nonmetals made with more than one type of element compounds their called

Back 184

molecules

Front 185

collections of nonmetals that are tightly bond together

Back 185

molecules

Front 186

the equation

DNA -> mRNA -> protien

is known as

Back 186

central dogma of molecular biology

Front 187

when a cell undergoes mitosis it produces

Back 187

two exact copies of itself

Front 188

the equation

glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide + energy(ATP)

is known as

Back 188

cellular respiration

Front 189

all genes present in an individual

Back 189

genotype

Front 190

the expression of the genes in an individual

Back 190

phenotype

Front 191

mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms

Back 191

mutualism

Front 192

the various forms of genes are called

Back 192

alleles

Front 193

ways organisms living together in an ecosystem interacts

Back 193

mutalism, commensalism, parasitism, and predation

Front 194

food chains are composed of

Back 194

producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers

Front 195

which cells undergo meiosis

Back 195

germ and sex

Front 196

two hormones that the pancreas produce

Back 196

insulin and glucagon

Front 197

the first law of motion emphasizes the concept of

Back 197

inertia

Front 198

defined as the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion, the first law of motion is often called

Back 198

the law of inertia

Front 199

the capacity to do work

Back 199

energy

Front 200

converts chemical, thermal, nuclear, or solar energy into electrical energy

Back 200

batteries

Front 201

converts light energy into electrical energy

Back 201

photocells or photovoltaic cells

Front 202

force exerted per unit area

Back 202

pressure

Front 203

cell division where the daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Back 203

meiosis

Front 204

red pigmented protien that binds loosely to oxygen and carbon dioxide and transports these substance throughout the body

Back 204

hemoglobin

Front 205

white blood cells that are part of the immune system

Back 205

lymphocytes

Front 206

vibrations that travel through the earth

Back 206

seismic waves

Front 207

earthquakes and explosions on or near the earth surface produce

Back 207

seismic waves

Front 208

percent of the earth's waster in salty oceans
percent of the earth's fresh water

Back 208

97% in salty oceans
3% in fresh water

Front 209

all the earth's water makes up the

Back 209

hydrosphere

Front 210

light travels in waves, the distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next is a

Back 210

wavelength

Front 211

what kind of products can be broken down by microorganisms into harmless substances that can then be used by other organisms

Back 211

biodegradable

Front 212

the largest ecosystem

Back 212

biosphere

Front 213

gases that make up the earth constitute the

Back 213

atmosphere

Front 214

water on earth makes up the

Back 214

hydrosphere

Front 215

as the volume of gas increases the pressure

Back 215

decreases

Front 216

percent of cells in blood
percent of plasma in blood

Back 216

45% cells
55% plasma

Front 217

approximately how many years old is the earth

Back 217

4.5 billion yrs old

Front 218

the male part of the flower is the

Back 218

stamen

Front 219

the transformation of a solid directly into a gas is called

Back 219

sublimation

Front 220

vaccines work because they prepare one's what cells

Back 220

memory cells

Front 221

the process of dividing one cell nucleus into two nuclei is called

Back 221

mitosis

Front 222

the building block of sugars and the substances used by plants in photosynthesis are

Back 222

carbon dioxide and water

Front 223

reaction where one substance breaks down into two or more different materials

Back 223

decomposition reaction

Front 224

reaction where two or more different substances react to form one compound

Back 224

synthesis or combination reaction

Front 225

when two compounds react and an exchange occurs

Back 225

double replacement

Front 226

a compound that increased the quantity of hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous solution

Back 226

acid

Front 227

compound that decreases the H+ concentration by increasing hydroxide (OH-) concentration

Back 227

base

Front 228

message encode on DNA molecule inside the nucleus is copied onto another molecule called mRNA

Back 228

transcription

Front 229

mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cell's cytoplasm attaches to ribosomes, tRNA picks up amino acids in cytoplasm and bring ribosome and link in order of mRNA code

Back 229

translation

Front 230

usually form anions

Back 230

nonmetals

Front 231

force exerted on an object by the force of gravity

Back 231

weight

Front 232

aceleration equals

Back 232

9.81 m/s^2

Front 233

site of such activities as speech, vision, movement, hearing, smell, learning, memory, logic, creativity, emotion

Back 233

cerebum

Front 234

coordinates muscle contraction

Back 234

cerebellum

Front 235

two factors that characterize translation

Back 235

displacement and movement from a reference point

Front 236

ways of describing motion

Back 236

speed, velocity, and acceleration

Front 237

alpha particle

Back 237

two protons and two neutrons

Front 238

in the electron cloud electrons occupy locations called

Back 238

orbitals

Front 239

chloroplasts

Back 239

where plant cells make food(sugar)

Front 240

mitochondria

Back 240

where cells produce energy

Front 241

main components of eukaryotic cells

Back 241

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, and ribosomes

Front 242

organelles

Back 242

internal bodies

Front 243

eukaryotic cells

Back 243

complex cells containing many internal bodies with specialized functions

Front 244

released into the atmosphere as a byproduct of photosynthesis

Back 244

oxygen

Front 245

chemical reactions are written in terms of

Back 245

molar ratios

Front 246

on the periodic table the elements to the left are

Back 246

reactive metals

Front 247

on the periodic table the elements to the right are

Back 247

nonmetals and metalloids

Front 248

the elements in the center of the periodic table are

Back 248

transition metals

Front 249

substances with two or more different atoms of an element bound together

Back 249

compounds

Front 250

substances that are recycled through the ecosystem

Back 250

carbon, nitrogen and phosorous

Front 251

solid mixture of two or more metals

Back 251

alloys

Front 252

oxygen rich blood returns to the

Back 252

left atrium

Front 253

then number of compressions or rarefactions generated in one second by sound waves is called

Back 253

frequency or pitch

Front 254

oxygen poor blood enters the

Back 254

right atrium

Front 255

the apparent change in frequency of sound due to movement of the source or observer is called the

Back 255

doppler effect

Front 256

atom that has fewer electrons than protons resulting in a positive charge

Back 256

cation

Front 257

five mile vertical space around the surface of the earth

Back 257

biosphere

Front 258

energy dependent on the distance an object is from the ground or for chemists the types of chemical bonds present

Back 258

potential energy

Front 259

when bonds form energy is

Back 259

released

Front 260

when bonds break energy is

Back 260

absorbed

Front 261

air's weight

Back 261

barometic pressure

Front 262

when an element reacts with a compoun and an exchange takes place

Back 262

single replacement reaction aka single displacement reaction

Front 263

linear motion is also known as

Back 263

translation

Front 264

motion in a straight line

Back 264

linear motion (translation)

Front 265

most metals in nature are found with

Back 265

sulfur and oxygen

Front 266

in nature coinage metal (silver, gold and copper)in their native or what state

Back 266

elemental state

Front 267

for cells to exchange materials with the external environment substances must be able to move through the

Back 267

plasma membrane

Front 268

energy that is stored

Back 268

potential energy

Front 269

day to day condition of the atmosphere

Back 269

weather

Front 270

the pigments that capture the energy from sunlight for plants is called

Back 270

chlorophyll

Front 271

plants obtain energy from

Back 271

sunlight

Front 272

the process in which plants make their own food with carbon dioxide and water

Back 272

photosynthesis

Front 273

a substance that allows for flow of an electric current is called a

Back 273

conductor

Front 274

a substance that does not allow for the flow of electric current

Back 274

insulator

Front 275

food chains interact to form a

Back 275

food web

Front 276

in the periodic table the number found under each atomic symbol is the

Back 276

atomic mass

Front 277

at any time multiple forces can act upon an object, how these multiple forces affect the motion of the object is governed by a collection of laws called

Back 277

newton's laws of motion

Front 278

push or pull that can result in the motion of an object at rest or a change in direction of an object in motion

Back 278

force

Front 279

the faster something is moving the higher the

Back 279

kinetic energy

Front 280

earth's two major motions

Back 280

rotation and revolution

Front 281

rocks are comprised of

Back 281

minerals

Front 282

organisms that feed directly on producers

Back 282

primary consumers

Front 283

air moisture content

Back 283

humidity

Front 284

the layer of atmosphere we live in where weather occurs

Back 284

troposphere

Front 285

long term condition in a given area

Back 285

climate

Front 286

another name for insolation is

Back 286

solar radiation

Front 287

the vast majority of elements on the periodic table are

Back 287

metals

Front 288

animals that do not have a spine

Back 288

invertebrates

Front 289

shorthand notation in which symbols for elements and compounds are written showing a chemical change

Back 289

chemical equation

Front 290

the major distinction of the periodic table is that of

Back 290

metals and nonmetals

Front 291

parent cell

Back 291

the original cell

Front 292

2 types of cell division

Back 292

mitosis and meiosis

Front 293

respiration without oxygen

Back 293

anaerobic respiration

Front 294

anaerobic respiration is known as

Back 294

fermentation

Front 295

study of how genes control characteristics or traits in living organisms

Back 295

genetics

Front 296

animals with a spine

Back 296

vertebrates

Front 297

transmitted from parents to offspring

Back 297

genes

Front 298

organisms that feed on primary consumers

Back 298

secondary consumers

Front 299

one organism benefits however does not affect the other organism

Back 299

commensalism

Front 300

photosynthesizing organisms that trap energy from the sun to make their own food

Back 300

producers

Front 301

used to make DNA and RNA

Back 301

nucleic acids

Front 302

one organism benefits while the other is harmed

Back 302

parasitism

Front 303

one organism feeds on another organism

Back 303

predation

Front 304

energy is transferred from one organism to another in an ecosystem through

Back 304

food chains

Front 305

a distinguishing feature of living organisms is that their cells can

Back 305

divide and reproduce exact copies of themselves

Front 306

3 states of matter

Back 306

solid, liquid and gas

Front 307

the speed at which sound travels in air depends on the what of the air

Back 307

temperature

Front 308

mixture of mercury with some other metal and can be a solid or liquid, depending on the amount of mercury

Back 308

amalgan

Front 309

seperation into nearly mirror image halves by drawing an imaginary line lengthwise down the middle of the body

Back 309

bilaterial symmetry

Front 310

wheel like symmetry

Back 310

radial symmetry

Front 311

to fill their outer energy levels with electrons atoms

Back 311

bond

Front 312

a full outer energy level makes and atom

Back 312

chemically stable

Front 313

all chemical bonds involve interactions between electrons in the energy levels what from the nucleus

Back 313

farthest

Front 314

the outer electrons determine an atoms

Back 314

chemical behavior

Front 315

atom's outermost electrons determine its ability to what with other atoms

Back 315

react

Front 316

force holding two atoms or ions together is called a

Back 316

chemical bond

Front 317

an atom that gains or loses an electron is called a

Back 317

ion

Front 318

electrons have both what types of energy

Back 318

kinetic and potential

Front 319

electron's move about the nucleus in different energy levels. the more energetic electrons are found what from nucleus

Back 319

farthest

Front 320

genetic information is passed on to offspring in process called

Back 320

heredity

Front 321

living things maintain relatively stable internal condition through process called

Back 321

homeostasis

Front 322

process in which living things use energy to grow

Back 322

metabolism

Front 323

evolution occurs by means of

Back 323

mutation

Front 324

energy used by living things on earth comes from the

Back 324

sun

Front 325

smallest unit of an element

Back 325

atom

Front 326

isotopes of the same element differ in the number of

Back 326

neutrons

Front 327

vibrations of earth's crust are called

Back 327

earthquakes

Front 328

occurs when rocks under stress suddenly shift along a fault

Back 328

earthquakes

Front 329

force that can change the size and shape of rocks

Back 329

stress

Front 330

movement of earth's lithospheric plates

Back 330

plate tectonics

Front 331

how long does earth's revolution take

Back 331

365.24 days or 1 year

Front 332

how long does earth's rotation takes

Back 332

24 hours or 1 day

Front 333

states that the force of attraction between any two objects upon their masses and the distance between then

Back 333

law of gravitation

Front 334

force of attraction that exists between all matter in the universe

Back 334

gravity

Front 335

just as atoms can be joined to form molecules, molecules can be joined to build

Back 335

macromolecules

Front 336

the primary component of all macromolecules is

Back 336

carbon

Front 337

in a plant pollen is produced in

Back 337

anther

Front 338

the study of the origin, history, and structure of solid earth and the processes that shape it is called

Back 338

geology

Front 339

bending, tilting and breaking of the earth's crust

Back 339

deformation

Front 340

oceanic and continental crust and the rigid upper mantle makes up the

Back 340

lithosphere

Front 341

hypothesis that continents were once connected in large land mass but drifted apart

Back 341

contintental drift

Front 342

imaginary straight line through earth from north to south pole

Back 342

axis

Front 343

solid earth makes up the

Back 343

geosphere

Front 344

fraction of earth oceans cover

Back 344

three fourths

Front 345

the hiv virus affects which type of cells

Back 345

helper t cells

Front 346

the atomic mass is determined by the number of

Back 346

protons

Front 347

connect bone to bone

Back 347

ligaments

Front 348

connect bone to muscle

Back 348

tendons

Front 349

plant hormone most closely associated with stress

Back 349

abscisic acid

Front 350

reaction when two compounds react and an echange occurs

Back 350

double replacement or double displacement reaction

Front 351

reaction when an element reacts with a compound and an exchange takes place

Back 351

single replacement or single displacement reaction

Front 352

on the periodic table group 1A are the

Back 352

alkali metals

Front 353

on the periodic table group 2A are the

Back 353

alkaline earth metals

Front 354

on the periodic table group 5A are the

Back 354

pnictogens

Front 355

group 6A of the periodic table

Back 355

chalcogens

Front 356

group 7A of the periodic table

Back 356

halogens

Front 357

group 8A of the periodic table

Back 357

noble gases

Front 358

as velocity of a fluid increases the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases

Back 358

bernoulli's principle

Front 359

an object immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces

Back 359

archimedes principle

Front 360

meth

Back 360

1 carbon atom

Front 361

eth

Back 361

2 carbon atoms

Front 362

prop

Back 362

3 carbon atoms

Front 363

but

Back 363

4 carbon atoms

Front 364

pent

Back 364

5 carbon atoms

Front 365

hex

Back 365

6 carbon atoms

Front 366

hept

Back 366

7 carbon atoms

Front 367

oct

Back 367

8 carbon atoms

Front 368

non

Back 368

9 carbon atoms

Front 369

dec

Back 369

10 carbon atoms

Front 370

3 types of motion

Back 370

rotational, linear,and vibration

Front 371

the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely porportional to its mass

Back 371

newton's second law of motion

Front 372

when one object exerts a force on a second object the second object will exert a force on the first that is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction

Back 372

newton's third law of motion

Front 373

molecules move across the cell membrane from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration

Back 373

active transport

Front 374

any pressure applied to a confined fluid at any point is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid

Back 374

pascal principle

Front 375

when two or more different substances react to form one compound

Back 375

synthesis reaction or combination reaction

Front 376

released to the atmosphere as waste products by bacteria

Back 376

nitrogen

Front 377

4 basic chemical reaction types

Back 377

synthesis , decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement

Front 378

diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane with help of protiens in cell membrane

Back 378

facilitated diffusion

Front 379

the flow of electrical energy from a source to a load

Back 379

electricity

Front 380

any device that transforms electrical energy into other forms of energy

Back 380

load

Front 381

electrical energy is transported in the form of an

Back 381

electrical current

Front 382

when an object or body is moved from one place to the next

Back 382

motion

Front 383

motion along the x coordinate

Back 383

linear motion

Front 384

motion along the y coordinate

Back 384

vertical motion or free fall

Front 385

constant acceleration can be quantified using a series of equation called

Back 385

equations of kinematics

Front 386

two main types of energy

Back 386

potential and kinetic

Front 387

energy of motion

Back 387

kinetic energy

Front 388

motion about a fixed point

Back 388

vibration

Front 389

DNA is packaged into chromosomes inside the what of a cell

Back 389

nucleus

Front 390

in a chemical equation reactants are written on

Back 390

left

Front 391

in a chemical equation products of the reaction are written on the

Back 391

right

Front 392

in the chemical equation the arrow shows that

Back 392

a reaction is taking place

Front 393

displays elements their atomic number, elemental symbol and atomic mass

Back 393

periodic table

Front 394

the number of protons in a nucleus is called the element's

Back 394

atomic number

Front 395

an atom that gain or loses electrons

Back 395

ion

Front 396

the force holding two atoms or ions together

Back 396

chemical bond

Front 397

force of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Back 397

ionic bond

Front 398

when two atoms share one or more electrons

Back 398

covalent bond

Front 399

group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

Back 399

molecule

Front 400

plays structural role in organisms

Back 400

proteins

Front 401

two types of nucleic acids

Back 401

RNA and DNA

Front 402

double helix

Back 402

DNA

Front 403

DNA exists in numerous different segments. these segments, along with proteins, form compact bodies called

Back 403

chromosomes

Front 404

serve as scaffolds for the assembly of all the different proteins in the cell

Back 404

RNA

Front 405

when electrons absorb energy they move to

Back 405

higher energy levels

Front 406

when electrons release energy they fall to

Back 406

lower energy levels

Front 407

organisms use to store energy and provide structural support

Back 407

carbohydrates

Front 408

a polar molecule

Back 408

water

Front 409

molecule that has a partial negative charge on one side and a partial positive charge on the other side

Back 409

polar molecule

Front 410

these protiens transmit information into the cell by reacting to certain other molecules

Back 410

receptors

Front 411

simple cell that lacks a nucleus

Back 411

prokaryote

Front 412

plant cells store waste products, nutrients, and water in large centrally located membrane bound spaces called

Back 412

vacuoles

Front 413

water molecules attract other

Back 413

water molecules

Front 414

mixing of two substances by the random motion of molecules

Back 414

diffusion

Front 415

the movement of molecules from high to lower concentration

Back 415

diffusion

Front 416

does not require energy to move substances into cells

Back 416

facilitated diffusion

Front 417

requires energy to move substances to a region of higher concentration

Back 417

active transport

Front 418

cytoplasm divides to form two distinct cells

Back 418

cytokinesis

Front 419

disease in which cells grow and divide at an abnormally high rate

Back 419

cancer

Front 420

chemical reaction that requires net release of energy

Back 420

exergonic

Front 421

chemical reaction that requires net input of energy

Back 421

endergonic

Front 422

makes a reaction proceed faster without themselves being used up during the reaction

Back 422

catalyst

Front 423

causes faster reaction because of lower activation energy

Back 423

enzyme

Front 424

light consists of tiny packets of energy called

Back 424

photons

Front 425

molecules that absorb light

Back 425

pigments

Front 426

process in which an atom or molecule loses an electron

Back 426

oxidation

Front 427

process in which an atom or molecule gains an electron

Back 427

reduction

Front 428

organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait

Back 428

homozygous

Front 429

organisms that have two different alleles for that same trait

Back 429

heterozygous

Front 430

directs the formation of proteins

Back 430

RNA

Front 431

during what an RNA copy of a gene is made

Back 431

transcription

Front 432

during what three different kind of RNA work together to assemble amino acids into a protein molecule

Back 432

translation

Front 433

able to regulate their body temperature through internal mechanisms

Back 433

endotherms

Front 434

cannot regulate their temperature internally and must absorb heat from their surroundings

Back 434

ectotherms

Front 435

animals with five flexible fingers

Back 435

primates

Front 436

carry their own DNA and reproduce independently of cell's chromosomes

Back 436

mitochondria

Front 437

study of how organisms fit into their environment

Back 437

ecology

Front 438

eat both plants and animals

Back 438

omnivores

Front 439

tropical rainforests, savannas, deserts, temperate grasslands, deciduous forests, coniferous forests and tundra are examples of

Back 439

biomes

Front 440

organisms such as plants that make their own food

Back 440

autotrophs

Front 441

cannot make their own food

Back 441

heterotrophs

Front 442

absorb nitrogen gas and convert it to ammonia

Back 442

bacteria

Front 443

process of transforming nitrogen gas into ammonia

Back 443

nitrogen fixation

Front 444

when two or more species evolve in response to each other

Back 444

coevolution

Front 445

close long term association between two or more species

Back 445

symbiosis

Front 446

kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species are in what order

Back 446

largest to smallest

Front 447

group of similiar cells organized into a functional unit

Back 447

tissue

Front 448

collections of different kinds of tissue that are dedicated to one function

Back 448

organs

Front 449

transport oxygen

Back 449

red blood cells

Front 450

protect against infection

Back 450

white blood cells

Front 451

help clotting

Back 451

platelets

Front 452

defind by proteins on the surface of red blood cells

Back 452

blood type

Front 453

carry blood away from the heart

Back 453

arteries

Front 454

carry blood back to the heart

Back 454

veins

Front 455

returns fluids back to the blood vessels

Back 455

lymphatic system

Front 456

what keep the planets orbiting the sun in elliptical paths

Back 456

combination of inertia and gravity

Front 457

june 20 or 21 when northern hemisphere has its longest day and southern hemisphere has its shortest day, sun reaches the highest point in the sky refers to

Back 457

summer solstice

Front 458

december 21 or 22 when sun seems lower in the sky, the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere and the longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere refers to

Back 458

winter solstice

Front 459

when day and night are equal all over the world

Back 459

equinoxes

Front 460

when the new moon comes directly between the sun and the earth, as the earth moves into the moons shadow, sunlight is blocked from reaching the earth

Back 460

solar eclispe

Front 461

earth comes directly between the sun and the full moon

Back 461

lunar eclispe

Front 462

percent of atmosphere nitrogen makes up

Back 462

71%

Front 463

percent of atmosphere oxygen makes up

Back 463

21%

Front 464

returned to the atmosphere when dead animals and plants decay

Back 464

nitrogen

Front 465

second most abundant gas in the atmosphere

Back 465

oxygen

Front 466

layers of earth from closest to furthest

Back 466

troposhere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere

Front 467

area around the earth that extends beyond the atmosphere

Back 467

magnetosphere

Front 468

solid earth

Back 468

lithosphere

Front 469

deepest part of the ocean, long, narrow crevices

Back 469

trenches

Front 470

mountain ranges under oceans

Back 470

midocean ridges

Front 471

up and down movement of the ocean

Back 471

waves

Front 472

steady movement of the oceans

Back 472

currents

Front 473

rise and fall of the ocean

Back 473

tides

Front 474

highest point of wave

Back 474

crest

Front 475

lowest point of a wave

Back 475

trough

Front 476

caused by gravitational attraction among the earth, moon , and sun

Back 476

tides

Front 477

caused mainly by wind patterns

Back 477

surface currents

Front 478

caused by differences in the density of ocean water

Back 478

deep currents

Front 479

water changes to water vapor

Back 479

evaporation

Front 480

water vapor changes back to water

Back 480

condensation

Front 481

lines on a map or globe that run between north and south poles

Back 481

meridian

Front 482

meridian that runs through greenwich england

Back 482

prime meridian

Front 483

distance east and west of the prime meridian

Back 483

longitude

Front 484

lines from east to west across a map or globe

Back 484

parallels

Front 485

parallel located halfway between the north and south poles

Back 485

equator

Front 486

measure of distance north and south of the equator

Back 486

latitude

Front 487

earth's crust forms the upper part of the

Back 487

lithosphere

Front 488

layer directly beneath the lithosphere

Back 488

asthenosphere

Front 489

sudden movement of the earth's outermost layer

Back 489

earthquake

Front 490

shock waves produced by an earthquacke

Back 490

seismic waves

Front 491

layer of earth that lies above the outer core and beneath earth's crust

Back 491

mantle

Front 492

a break or crack along which rocks move

Back 492

fault

Front 493

bend in a rock

Back 493

fold

Front 494

breaking, tilting and folding of rocks

Back 494

deformation

Front 495

squeezes the rocks of the crust together

Back 495

compression

Front 496

pulls the rocks of the crust apart

Back 496

tension

Front 497

pushes two parts of the crust in opposite directions, causing the rocks of the crust to twist or tear apart

Back 497

shearing

Front 498

break along which rocks do not move

Back 498

joint

Front 499

block of rock above a fault

Back 499

hanging wall

Front 500

block of rock below a fault

Back 500

foot wall

Front 501

valleys formed when the block of land between two normal faults slides downward

Back 501

rift valleys

Front 502

deep within the earth, under tremendous pressure and at extreme temperatures, rock exists as hot liquid called

Back 502

magma

Front 503

when magma reaches the earth's surface it is called

Back 503

lava

Front 504

volcanoes mad mostly of cinders and other rock particles that have been blown into the air

Back 504

cinder cones

Front 505

volcanoes composed of quiet lava flows

Back 505

shield volcanoes

Front 506

volcanoes built up of alternating layers of rock particles and lava

Back 506

composite volcanoes

Front 507

most common cause of earthquakes

Back 507

faulting

Front 508

giant sea waves caused by earthquakes on ocean floor

Back 508

tsunamis

Front 509

underground point of origin of an earthquake

Back 509

focus

Front 510

located on the earth's surface directly above the focus

Back 510

epicenter

Front 511

three types of seismic waves

Back 511

primary (P), secondary (S), and surface (L) waves

Front 512

strength of an earthquake is measured on the

Back 512

richter scale

Front 513

place where magma reaches the earth's surface

Back 513

volcanoe

Front 514

opening from which lava erupts

Back 514

vent

Front 515

giant single landmass earth once was

Back 515

pangaea

Front 516

as the ocean floor moves away on either side of the ridge lava wells up and hardens, the hardened lava forms new ocean floor in a process called

Back 516

ocean floor spreading

Front 517

helps to explain continental drift

Back 517

ocean floor spreading

Front 518

deep V shaped valleys

Back 518

trenches

Front 519

process in which crust plunges back into the earth

Back 519

subduction

Front 520

destroyed when it is subducted into trenches and melted inside the mantle

Back 520

ocean floor

Front 521

ages of the ocean floor rocks and magnetic stripes of the ocean floor are evidence of

Back 521

ocean floor spreading

Front 522

matter can be classified onto 3 forms

Back 522

elements, compounds and mixtures

Front 523

two or more substances physcially combined

Back 523

mixture

Front 524

minerals or combinations of minerals from which metals and nonmetals canbe removed in usable amounts

Back 524

ores

Front 525

rocks which were originially hot, fluid magma within the earth

Back 525

igneous

Front 526

rocks formed from particles that have been carried along and deposited by wind and water

Back 526

sedimentary

Front 527

rocks formed when chemical reactions, tremendous heat and or pressure change existing rocks into new kinds of rocks

Back 527

metamorphic

Front 528

rocks formed from lava

Back 528

extrusive rocks

Front 529

rocks formed deep within the earth

Back 529

intrusive rocks

Front 530

may be formed from igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks

Back 530

metamorphic rocks

Front 531

breaking down of rocks and other materials on the earth's surface

Back 531

weathering

Front 532

layer of rock beneath soil

Back 532

bedrock

Front 533

decaying material

Back 533

humus

Front 534

formed when rocks are continuously broken down by weathering

Back 534

soil

Front 535

caused by gravity, wind, running water, glaciers, and waves

Back 535

erosion

Front 536

the powerful force of waves constantly erodes and shapes the

Back 536

shoreline

Front 537

the sun's energy that is absorbed by the earth is spread throughout the atmosphere in three basic ways

Back 537

conduction, convection, and radiation

Front 538

energy that is neither reflected nor absorbed by the atmosphere and reaches the earth surface and changed to heat

Back 538

radiant

Front 539

direct transfer of heat energy from one substance to another

Back 539

conduction

Front 540

transfer of heat energy in a fluid (gas, liquid or air)

Back 540

convection

Front 541

used to measure wind

Back 541

anemometer

Front 542

form when moisture in the air condenses on small particles of dust or other solids in the air

Back 542

clouds

Front 543

transferred by conduction, convection or radiation

Back 543

heat energy

Front 544

measure of distance north or south of the equator

Back 544

lattitude

Front 545

basic factors that determine climate

Back 545

temperature and precipitation

Front 546

lattitude, elevation, and the presence of ocean currents are factors that affect

Back 546

temperature

Front 547

prevailing winds and the presence of moutain ranges are factors that affect

Back 547

precipitation

Front 548

biomes that are not determined by climate

Back 548

aquatic or water

Front 549

small pieces of rocks, shells, and other materials that were broken down over time

Back 549

sediments

Front 550

fossils that reveal much about an animal's appearance without showing any part of the animal

Back 550

trace fossils

Front 551

states that in a series of sedimentary rock layers, younger rocks normally lie on top of older rocks

Back 551

law of superposition

Front 552

is used to dertermine whether a fossil or a layer of rock is older or younger than another fossil or layer of rock

Back 552

law of superposition

Front 553

driving force behind evolution

Back 553

mutation

Front 554

energy produced from the heat energy within the Earth itself

Back 554

geothermal energy

Front 555

combining of two atomic nuclei to produce one larger nucleus with the release of nuclear energy

Back 555

nuclear fusion

Front 556

energy locked within the atomic nucleus

Back 556

nuclear energy

Front 557

formed hundreds of millions of years abo from the remains of dead plants and animals

Back 557

fossil fuels

Front 558

over millions of years, heat and pressure changed sediments into rocks and the plant and animal remains into

Back 558

fossil fuels

Front 559

three main fossil fuels

Back 559

coal, oil and natural gas