Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
559 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
DNA
|
genetic information of an individual
|
|
daughter cells
|
cell produced after cell division
|
|
an equal seperation and distribution of the chromosomes from one parent cell to two new daughter cells is the end result of
|
mitosis
|
|
control center for hunger, thirst, body temperature, and blood pressure
|
hypothalamus
|
|
classification of life
|
taxonomy
|
|
change in one or more characteristics of a population of organisms overtime
|
evolution
|
|
group of organisms that can mate with each other under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring
|
species
|
|
clean odorless gas that supports combustion it reacts with all elements to form stable oxides
|
oxygen
|
|
a metal and a nonmetal bound together is classified as a
|
formula unit
|
|
most materials you see are not made of just one type of element. most materials are made of
|
compounds
|
|
the end result of meiosis is the production of
|
four genetically distinct daughter cells from each parent
|
|
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
|
generator
|
|
on the periodic table, elements to the left of the dark "stair step" line are
|
metals
|
|
on the periodic table, elements to the right of the dark "stair step" line are
|
nonmetals
|
|
on the periodic table, elements that straddle the dark "stair step" line are
|
metalloids or semimetals
|
|
defining characteristic of an atom
|
atomic number
|
|
clear colorless odorless gas makes up 75% of the earth's atmosphere. it is very stable molecule, is not flammable and reacts with very few other elements. a major use is in ammonia and nitrates both used in fertilizers
|
nitrogen
|
|
makes up 75% of the earth's atmosphere
|
nitrogen
|
|
insolation is another name for
|
solar radiation
|
|
when eggs and sperm unite to form a zygote
|
reproduction
|
|
usually foliated minerals aligned into bands
|
metamorhic rocks
|
|
the direction earth rotates as it revolves around the sun
|
counterclockwise
|
|
earth's axis of rotation is tilted how many degrees
|
23 1/2
|
|
high energy, light particle
|
gamma ray
|
|
an electron is what kind of particle
|
beta particle
|
|
motion about an axis
|
rotation
|
|
the mass of one mole of a compound
|
molar mass (g/mol)
|
|
the work you do against gravity is the
|
gravitational potential energy
|
|
quantity having both magnitude and direction
|
vector
|
|
devices that convert energy from one form to another
|
generator, motor, battery, photocells and photovoltaic
|
|
kinetic and potential energy of an object change when what is done by or on a object
|
work
|
|
energy possessed by an object because of it motion
|
kinetic energy
|
|
energy possessed by an object due to its position
|
potential or stored energy
|
|
two main types of energy
|
potential and kinetic
|
|
when force is applied in the same direction as the motion it generates the force is
|
positive
|
|
when force is applied in a direction opposite to the motion it is
|
negative
|
|
the process of cellular respiration requires the presence of
|
oxygen
|
|
energy released during cellular respiration is stored as
|
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
|
|
various forms of genes
|
alleles
|
|
inorganic crystalline substances with definite chemical compositions and unique physical properties
|
minerals
|
|
in humans cells there are how many chromosomes organized into how many pairs
|
46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs
|
|
many plant and animal cells have how many set of chromosomes
|
2 sets of chromosomes
|
|
crystalline rocks
|
igneous rocks
|
|
comprised of cemented rock fragments and may contain fossils
|
sedimentary rocks
|
|
an object that has no net or unbalanced force acting on it will remain at rest or it will move with a constant velocity in a straight line
|
newton's first law of motion
|
|
the number of protons and neutrons in an element is the element's
|
mass number
|
|
permits humans to be aware of the external environment and react to it voluntarily
|
sensory somatic system
|
|
portions of DNA molecules that determine the characteristics of an individual
|
genes
|
|
which type of cell division produces eggs and sperm
|
meiosis
|
|
meiosis produces how many daughter cells from each parent
|
4
|
|
the measure of how much acid there is in a solution
|
ph scale
|
|
when one substance breaks down into two or more different materials
|
decomposition reaction
|
|
much of this is recycled through respiration, the majority is recycled through decomposition
|
carbon
|
|
areas of low pressure
|
rarefractions
|
|
transport blood and oxygen from the lungs to various tissues of the body
|
circulatory system
|
|
characterized by climate conditions and species which live there
|
biome
|
|
transports oxygen from the environment into the lungs
|
respiratory system
|
|
atom where's there more electrons than protons resulting in a negative charge
|
anion
|
|
two basic features all cells share
|
plasma membrane and cytoplasm
|
|
animals, plants and microorganisms obtain the energy they need through the process of
|
cellular respiration
|
|
unique type of cell division that produces four daughter cells from each parent
|
meiosis
|
|
every solid, liquid, and gas in the universe is formed from
|
atoms
|
|
a material that cannot be chemically broken down into something simpler
|
element
|
|
made up of atoms
|
elements
|
|
the equation
carbon dioxiode + water -> glucose(sugar) + oxygen + water is known as |
photosynthesis with the release of oxygen into the atomosphere
|
|
areas of high pressure
|
compressions
|
|
genes can take on various forms called
|
alleles
|
|
rate at which any device converts energy from one form to another
|
power
|
|
like speed, velocity describes how fast an object is moving but velocity also specifies the
|
direction of motion
|
|
the nerves extending to and from the central nervous system makeup the
|
peripheral nervous system
|
|
mass product equals the combined mass of the
|
reactants
|
|
cell division where the daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
|
meiosis
|
|
the various plants and animal species living in a area each population of organisms has a habitat and a nich or role
|
community
|
|
white blood cells are also called
|
leukocytes
|
|
the human nervous system is divided into the
|
central and periphal nervous systems
|
|
the brain and spinal cord makeup the
|
central nervous system
|
|
organic chemistry is the study of
|
carbon based molecules
|
|
acts on an object whether or not it is falling, resting on the ground or being lifted
|
force of gravity
|
|
measure of the amount of matter in an object not dependent on gravity
|
mass
|
|
wieght of an object varies from place to place and depends on
|
gravity
|
|
force that opposes the motion between two surfaces that are in contact
|
friction
|
|
two types of friction
|
static friction and kinetic friction
|
|
force that opposes motion of an object at rest
|
static friction
|
|
opposing force between surfaces in relatie motion
|
kinetic friction
|
|
transfer of energy to an object when the object moves due to application of force
|
work
|
|
converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
|
motor
|
|
any substance that offers little resistance to changes in its shape when pressure is applied
|
fluid
|
|
only gases and liquids are considered
|
fluids
|
|
one of the most important properties that characterize fluids is their ability to exert
|
pressure
|
|
states energy can neither be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
|
law of conservation of energy
|
|
as kinetic energy increases what decreases
|
gravitational potential energy
|
|
as gravitational potential energry decreases what increases
|
kinetic energy
|
|
usually forms cations
|
metals
|
|
average mass of all the naturally occuring isotopes of an element
|
atomic mass
|
|
obtained by averaging the masses of an element's isotopes
|
atomic mass
|
|
the electrons found in the outer shell of an atom and responsible for holding atoms together when making a compound
|
valence electrons
|
|
from left to right on the periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of the number of what in their nucleus
|
protons
|
|
two basic processes occuring in order for the genotype to be expressed as a phenotype
|
transcription and translation
|
|
element's one or two letter designation
|
atomic or elemental symbol
|
|
genotype
|
DNA of an individual
|
|
cell division where the daughter cells function as gametes
|
meiosis
|
|
gametes
|
eggs and sperm
|
|
products of fermentation
|
carbon dioxide and ethanol
|
|
all objects above earth undergo vertical motion this vertical motion is called
|
free fall
|
|
two types of graphs used to analyze motion
|
positon time graph and velocity time graph
|
|
when an object accelerates in the same direction it is moving in
|
positive acceleration
|
|
an increase in velocity
|
acceleration
|
|
a decrease in velocity
|
decceleration
|
|
the time it takes for 50% of a material to decay into another species
|
half life
|
|
small disk shaped blood fragments produced in bone marrow and starting material for blood clotting
|
platelets
|
|
extension of the circulatory system that includes the spleen
|
lymphatic system
|
|
cell division with the end result being the production of 4 genetically distinct daughter cells
|
meiosis
|
|
the 4 oceans largest to smallest
|
pacific, atlantic, indian, and artic
|
|
organisms that break down dead organism and recycle the nutrients back into the environment
|
decomposers
|
|
successive levels in a food chain and on a food pyramid
|
trophic levels
|
|
most abundant element in the universe (but not on earth) a clear odorless gas
|
hydrogen (H)
|
|
second most abundant element in the univers but present only in very small fraction on earth a colorless odorless gas that is not flammable
|
helium (He)
|
|
air parcels with relatively uniform temperature and moisture content
|
air masses
|
|
mammals whose embryos develop within the mothers uterus for a short perios of time before birth, after birth the baby completes development in the mothers abdominal pouch
|
marsupials
|
|
these mammals have a placenta , a connection between the embryo and the mother's uterine wall that allos the embryo to obtain nutrients, the baby completes development in the uterus
|
placental mammals
|
|
are always at the top of the food pyramid in low number
|
consumers
|
|
the role that an organism plays in the community
|
niche
|
|
always at the base of the food pyramid in high number
|
producers
|
|
all the organisms living together in a community with each other and with non living factors like water, light, and soil
|
ecosystem
|
|
discipline of biology concerned primarily with the interaction between organisms and their environment
|
ecology
|
|
prokaryotic cells
|
simple cells
|
|
nucleus
|
contains DNA
|
|
ribosomes
|
where cells make protiens
|
|
where chlorophyll is stored in plant cells
|
chloroplasts
|
|
active transport requires the cell to
|
expend energy
|
|
we live on the earth's thinnest layer the
|
crust
|
|
plants absorb light in what color wavelengths
|
red and blue
|
|
how many elements have been found or created
|
112
|
|
process in which cells break down carbohydrates (such as glucose) in order to produce water and carbon dioxide
|
cellular respiration
|
|
chlorophyll molecules reflect what color light
|
green
|
|
anything with a definite mass that takes up volume
|
matter
|
|
red blood cells are also called
|
erythrocytes
|
|
plasma membrane is also known as the
|
skin of cell
|
|
movement of molecules from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
|
diffusion
|
|
type of diffusion with movement of water into and out of the cell
|
osmosis
|
|
defined mass, volume, and shape
|
solid
|
|
defined mass and volume but not a defined shape
|
liquid
|
|
defined mass but no defined volume or shape
will expand to fill any container |
gas
|
|
nervous system that works involuntarily
|
autonomic
|
|
amu stands for
|
atomic mass units
|
|
subatomic particles that make up atoms
|
protons, neutrons, and electrons
|
|
specific collections of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons
|
atoms
|
|
elements of the periodic table that are among the most abundant on earth and in the universe
|
first 20
|
|
elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
|
isotopes
|
|
another name for sun centered
|
heliocentric
|
|
study of all celestial objects including earth
|
astronomy
|
|
plasma membrane
|
outer boundary of cell
|
|
the major rock types
|
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
|
|
3 essiential principles governing fluids in motion or at rest
|
archimedes, pascals, and bernoulli principles
|
|
when an object accelerates in the opposite direction it is moving
|
decceleration or negative acceleration
|
|
pure water is neither acidic or basic therefore it is
|
neutral
|
|
the biosphere is divided into subunits called
|
biomes
|
|
the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom is what kind of energy
|
potential energy
|
|
when acids and bases react they form what as their products
|
water and salt
|
|
solutions with low ph's between 0 through 7 are
|
acidic
|
|
solutions with a ph of exactly 7 are
|
neutral
|
|
solutions with high ph of 7 through 14 are
|
basic
|
|
the material in a solution in greater quantity
|
solvent
|
|
the material that is dissolved the solvent
|
solute
|
|
series of pressure vibrations that are transmitted through matter
|
sound waves
|
|
elliptical paths
|
orbits
|
|
what percentage of the earth is covered in water
|
71%
|
|
insulates the earth provides a means to absorb, refract and reflect the energy reaching us from the sun
|
atmosphere
|
|
classification of cells
|
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
|
|
fundamental particles matter is made up of
|
protons, neutrons and electrons
|
|
4 ways materials pass through the plasma membrane
|
osmosis, diffusion, active transport and facilitated diffusion
|
|
types of mammals
|
marsupials, monotremes, and placental mammals
|
|
cytoplasm
|
semi liquid foundation of cell
|
|
the different layers of earth
|
core, mantle, asthenosphere, crust
|
|
neutron symbol and neutron relative charge
|
symbol n
relative charge 0 |
|
two types of sound waves
|
compressions and rarefactions
|
|
group of individuals belonging to one species living in a defined area
|
population
|
|
fertilized egg cell
|
zygote
|
|
clear colorless odorless non reactive gas makes up 1% of the atmosphere used in light bulbs and in welding
|
argon
|
|
a atom or group of atoms with a charge
|
ion
|
|
each column in the periodic table is called a
|
group
|
|
each group on the periodic table has a similiar configuration of
|
electrons
|
|
the number atop the columns of in the periodic table indicates the number of what in an element
|
electrons
|
|
instead of calling nonmetals made with more than one type of element compounds their called
|
molecules
|
|
collections of nonmetals that are tightly bond together
|
molecules
|
|
the equation
DNA -> mRNA -> protien is known as |
central dogma of molecular biology
|
|
when a cell undergoes mitosis it produces
|
two exact copies of itself
|
|
the equation
glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide + energy(ATP) is known as |
cellular respiration
|
|
all genes present in an individual
|
genotype
|
|
the expression of the genes in an individual
|
phenotype
|
|
mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms
|
mutualism
|
|
the various forms of genes are called
|
alleles
|
|
ways organisms living together in an ecosystem interacts
|
mutalism, commensalism, parasitism, and predation
|
|
food chains are composed of
|
producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers
|
|
which cells undergo meiosis
|
germ and sex
|
|
two hormones that the pancreas produce
|
insulin and glucagon
|
|
the first law of motion emphasizes the concept of
|
inertia
|
|
defined as the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion, the first law of motion is often called
|
the law of inertia
|
|
the capacity to do work
|
energy
|
|
converts chemical, thermal, nuclear, or solar energy into electrical energy
|
batteries
|
|
converts light energy into electrical energy
|
photocells or photovoltaic cells
|
|
force exerted per unit area
|
pressure
|
|
cell division where the daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
|
meiosis
|
|
red pigmented protien that binds loosely to oxygen and carbon dioxide and transports these substance throughout the body
|
hemoglobin
|
|
white blood cells that are part of the immune system
|
lymphocytes
|
|
vibrations that travel through the earth
|
seismic waves
|
|
earthquakes and explosions on or near the earth surface produce
|
seismic waves
|
|
percent of the earth's waster in salty oceans
percent of the earth's fresh water |
97% in salty oceans
3% in fresh water |
|
all the earth's water makes up the
|
hydrosphere
|
|
light travels in waves, the distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next is a
|
wavelength
|
|
what kind of products can be broken down by microorganisms into harmless substances that can then be used by other organisms
|
biodegradable
|
|
the largest ecosystem
|
biosphere
|
|
gases that make up the earth constitute the
|
atmosphere
|
|
water on earth makes up the
|
hydrosphere
|
|
as the volume of gas increases the pressure
|
decreases
|
|
percent of cells in blood
percent of plasma in blood |
45% cells
55% plasma |
|
approximately how many years old is the earth
|
4.5 billion yrs old
|
|
the male part of the flower is the
|
stamen
|
|
the transformation of a solid directly into a gas is called
|
sublimation
|
|
vaccines work because they prepare one's what cells
|
memory cells
|
|
the process of dividing one cell nucleus into two nuclei is called
|
mitosis
|
|
the building block of sugars and the substances used by plants in photosynthesis are
|
carbon dioxide and water
|
|
reaction where one substance breaks down into two or more different materials
|
decomposition reaction
|
|
reaction where two or more different substances react to form one compound
|
synthesis or combination reaction
|
|
when two compounds react and an exchange occurs
|
double replacement
|
|
a compound that increased the quantity of hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous solution
|
acid
|
|
compound that decreases the H+ concentration by increasing hydroxide (OH-) concentration
|
base
|
|
message encode on DNA molecule inside the nucleus is copied onto another molecule called mRNA
|
transcription
|
|
mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cell's cytoplasm attaches to ribosomes, tRNA picks up amino acids in cytoplasm and bring ribosome and link in order of mRNA code
|
translation
|
|
usually form anions
|
nonmetals
|
|
force exerted on an object by the force of gravity
|
weight
|
|
aceleration equals
|
9.81 m/s^2
|
|
site of such activities as speech, vision, movement, hearing, smell, learning, memory, logic, creativity, emotion
|
cerebum
|
|
coordinates muscle contraction
|
cerebellum
|
|
two factors that characterize translation
|
displacement and movement from a reference point
|
|
ways of describing motion
|
speed, velocity, and acceleration
|
|
alpha particle
|
two protons and two neutrons
|
|
in the electron cloud electrons occupy locations called
|
orbitals
|
|
chloroplasts
|
where plant cells make food(sugar)
|
|
mitochondria
|
where cells produce energy
|
|
main components of eukaryotic cells
|
nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, and ribosomes
|
|
organelles
|
internal bodies
|
|
eukaryotic cells
|
complex cells containing many internal bodies with specialized functions
|
|
released into the atmosphere as a byproduct of photosynthesis
|
oxygen
|
|
chemical reactions are written in terms of
|
molar ratios
|
|
on the periodic table the elements to the left are
|
reactive metals
|
|
on the periodic table the elements to the right are
|
nonmetals and metalloids
|
|
the elements in the center of the periodic table are
|
transition metals
|
|
substances with two or more different atoms of an element bound together
|
compounds
|
|
substances that are recycled through the ecosystem
|
carbon, nitrogen and phosorous
|
|
solid mixture of two or more metals
|
alloys
|
|
oxygen rich blood returns to the
|
left atrium
|
|
then number of compressions or rarefactions generated in one second by sound waves is called
|
frequency or pitch
|
|
oxygen poor blood enters the
|
right atrium
|
|
the apparent change in frequency of sound due to movement of the source or observer is called the
|
doppler effect
|
|
atom that has fewer electrons than protons resulting in a positive charge
|
cation
|
|
five mile vertical space around the surface of the earth
|
biosphere
|
|
energy dependent on the distance an object is from the ground or for chemists the types of chemical bonds present
|
potential energy
|
|
when bonds form energy is
|
released
|
|
when bonds break energy is
|
absorbed
|
|
air's weight
|
barometic pressure
|
|
when an element reacts with a compoun and an exchange takes place
|
single replacement reaction aka single displacement reaction
|
|
linear motion is also known as
|
translation
|
|
motion in a straight line
|
linear motion (translation)
|
|
most metals in nature are found with
|
sulfur and oxygen
|
|
in nature coinage metal (silver, gold and copper)in their native or what state
|
elemental state
|
|
for cells to exchange materials with the external environment substances must be able to move through the
|
plasma membrane
|
|
energy that is stored
|
potential energy
|
|
day to day condition of the atmosphere
|
weather
|
|
the pigments that capture the energy from sunlight for plants is called
|
chlorophyll
|
|
plants obtain energy from
|
sunlight
|
|
the process in which plants make their own food with carbon dioxide and water
|
photosynthesis
|
|
a substance that allows for flow of an electric current is called a
|
conductor
|
|
a substance that does not allow for the flow of electric current
|
insulator
|
|
food chains interact to form a
|
food web
|
|
in the periodic table the number found under each atomic symbol is the
|
atomic mass
|
|
at any time multiple forces can act upon an object, how these multiple forces affect the motion of the object is governed by a collection of laws called
|
newton's laws of motion
|
|
push or pull that can result in the motion of an object at rest or a change in direction of an object in motion
|
force
|
|
the faster something is moving the higher the
|
kinetic energy
|
|
earth's two major motions
|
rotation and revolution
|
|
rocks are comprised of
|
minerals
|
|
organisms that feed directly on producers
|
primary consumers
|
|
air moisture content
|
humidity
|
|
the layer of atmosphere we live in where weather occurs
|
troposphere
|
|
long term condition in a given area
|
climate
|
|
another name for insolation is
|
solar radiation
|
|
the vast majority of elements on the periodic table are
|
metals
|
|
animals that do not have a spine
|
invertebrates
|
|
shorthand notation in which symbols for elements and compounds are written showing a chemical change
|
chemical equation
|
|
the major distinction of the periodic table is that of
|
metals and nonmetals
|
|
parent cell
|
the original cell
|
|
2 types of cell division
|
mitosis and meiosis
|
|
respiration without oxygen
|
anaerobic respiration
|
|
anaerobic respiration is known as
|
fermentation
|
|
study of how genes control characteristics or traits in living organisms
|
genetics
|
|
animals with a spine
|
vertebrates
|
|
transmitted from parents to offspring
|
genes
|
|
organisms that feed on primary consumers
|
secondary consumers
|
|
one organism benefits however does not affect the other organism
|
commensalism
|
|
photosynthesizing organisms that trap energy from the sun to make their own food
|
producers
|
|
used to make DNA and RNA
|
nucleic acids
|
|
one organism benefits while the other is harmed
|
parasitism
|
|
one organism feeds on another organism
|
predation
|
|
energy is transferred from one organism to another in an ecosystem through
|
food chains
|
|
a distinguishing feature of living organisms is that their cells can
|
divide and reproduce exact copies of themselves
|
|
3 states of matter
|
solid, liquid and gas
|
|
the speed at which sound travels in air depends on the what of the air
|
temperature
|
|
mixture of mercury with some other metal and can be a solid or liquid, depending on the amount of mercury
|
amalgan
|
|
seperation into nearly mirror image halves by drawing an imaginary line lengthwise down the middle of the body
|
bilaterial symmetry
|
|
wheel like symmetry
|
radial symmetry
|
|
to fill their outer energy levels with electrons atoms
|
bond
|
|
a full outer energy level makes and atom
|
chemically stable
|
|
all chemical bonds involve interactions between electrons in the energy levels what from the nucleus
|
farthest
|
|
the outer electrons determine an atoms
|
chemical behavior
|
|
atom's outermost electrons determine its ability to what with other atoms
|
react
|
|
force holding two atoms or ions together is called a
|
chemical bond
|
|
an atom that gains or loses an electron is called a
|
ion
|
|
electrons have both what types of energy
|
kinetic and potential
|
|
electron's move about the nucleus in different energy levels. the more energetic electrons are found what from nucleus
|
farthest
|
|
genetic information is passed on to offspring in process called
|
heredity
|
|
living things maintain relatively stable internal condition through process called
|
homeostasis
|
|
process in which living things use energy to grow
|
metabolism
|
|
evolution occurs by means of
|
mutation
|
|
energy used by living things on earth comes from the
|
sun
|
|
smallest unit of an element
|
atom
|
|
isotopes of the same element differ in the number of
|
neutrons
|
|
vibrations of earth's crust are called
|
earthquakes
|
|
occurs when rocks under stress suddenly shift along a fault
|
earthquakes
|
|
force that can change the size and shape of rocks
|
stress
|
|
movement of earth's lithospheric plates
|
plate tectonics
|
|
how long does earth's revolution take
|
365.24 days or 1 year
|
|
how long does earth's rotation takes
|
24 hours or 1 day
|
|
states that the force of attraction between any two objects upon their masses and the distance between then
|
law of gravitation
|
|
force of attraction that exists between all matter in the universe
|
gravity
|
|
just as atoms can be joined to form molecules, molecules can be joined to build
|
macromolecules
|
|
the primary component of all macromolecules is
|
carbon
|
|
in a plant pollen is produced in
|
anther
|
|
the study of the origin, history, and structure of solid earth and the processes that shape it is called
|
geology
|
|
bending, tilting and breaking of the earth's crust
|
deformation
|
|
oceanic and continental crust and the rigid upper mantle makes up the
|
lithosphere
|
|
hypothesis that continents were once connected in large land mass but drifted apart
|
contintental drift
|
|
imaginary straight line through earth from north to south pole
|
axis
|
|
solid earth makes up the
|
geosphere
|
|
fraction of earth oceans cover
|
three fourths
|
|
the hiv virus affects which type of cells
|
helper t cells
|
|
the atomic mass is determined by the number of
|
protons
|
|
connect bone to bone
|
ligaments
|
|
connect bone to muscle
|
tendons
|
|
plant hormone most closely associated with stress
|
abscisic acid
|
|
reaction when two compounds react and an echange occurs
|
double replacement or double displacement reaction
|
|
reaction when an element reacts with a compound and an exchange takes place
|
single replacement or single displacement reaction
|
|
on the periodic table group 1A are the
|
alkali metals
|
|
on the periodic table group 2A are the
|
alkaline earth metals
|
|
on the periodic table group 5A are the
|
pnictogens
|
|
group 6A of the periodic table
|
chalcogens
|
|
group 7A of the periodic table
|
halogens
|
|
group 8A of the periodic table
|
noble gases
|
|
as velocity of a fluid increases the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases
|
bernoulli's principle
|
|
an object immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces
|
archimedes principle
|
|
meth
|
1 carbon atom
|
|
eth
|
2 carbon atoms
|
|
prop
|
3 carbon atoms
|
|
but
|
4 carbon atoms
|
|
pent
|
5 carbon atoms
|
|
hex
|
6 carbon atoms
|
|
hept
|
7 carbon atoms
|
|
oct
|
8 carbon atoms
|
|
non
|
9 carbon atoms
|
|
dec
|
10 carbon atoms
|
|
3 types of motion
|
rotational, linear,and vibration
|
|
the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely porportional to its mass
|
newton's second law of motion
|
|
when one object exerts a force on a second object the second object will exert a force on the first that is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
|
newton's third law of motion
|
|
molecules move across the cell membrane from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration
|
active transport
|
|
any pressure applied to a confined fluid at any point is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid
|
pascal principle
|
|
when two or more different substances react to form one compound
|
synthesis reaction or combination reaction
|
|
released to the atmosphere as waste products by bacteria
|
nitrogen
|
|
4 basic chemical reaction types
|
synthesis , decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement
|
|
diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane with help of protiens in cell membrane
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
the flow of electrical energy from a source to a load
|
electricity
|
|
any device that transforms electrical energy into other forms of energy
|
load
|
|
electrical energy is transported in the form of an
|
electrical current
|
|
when an object or body is moved from one place to the next
|
motion
|
|
motion along the x coordinate
|
linear motion
|
|
motion along the y coordinate
|
vertical motion or free fall
|
|
constant acceleration can be quantified using a series of equation called
|
equations of kinematics
|
|
two main types of energy
|
potential and kinetic
|
|
energy of motion
|
kinetic energy
|
|
motion about a fixed point
|
vibration
|
|
DNA is packaged into chromosomes inside the what of a cell
|
nucleus
|
|
in a chemical equation reactants are written on
|
left
|
|
in a chemical equation products of the reaction are written on the
|
right
|
|
in the chemical equation the arrow shows that
|
a reaction is taking place
|
|
displays elements their atomic number, elemental symbol and atomic mass
|
periodic table
|
|
the number of protons in a nucleus is called the element's
|
atomic number
|
|
an atom that gain or loses electrons
|
ion
|
|
the force holding two atoms or ions together
|
chemical bond
|
|
force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
|
ionic bond
|
|
when two atoms share one or more electrons
|
covalent bond
|
|
group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
|
molecule
|
|
plays structural role in organisms
|
proteins
|
|
two types of nucleic acids
|
RNA and DNA
|
|
double helix
|
DNA
|
|
DNA exists in numerous different segments. these segments, along with proteins, form compact bodies called
|
chromosomes
|
|
serve as scaffolds for the assembly of all the different proteins in the cell
|
RNA
|
|
when electrons absorb energy they move to
|
higher energy levels
|
|
when electrons release energy they fall to
|
lower energy levels
|
|
organisms use to store energy and provide structural support
|
carbohydrates
|
|
a polar molecule
|
water
|
|
molecule that has a partial negative charge on one side and a partial positive charge on the other side
|
polar molecule
|
|
these protiens transmit information into the cell by reacting to certain other molecules
|
receptors
|
|
simple cell that lacks a nucleus
|
prokaryote
|
|
plant cells store waste products, nutrients, and water in large centrally located membrane bound spaces called
|
vacuoles
|
|
water molecules attract other
|
water molecules
|
|
mixing of two substances by the random motion of molecules
|
diffusion
|
|
the movement of molecules from high to lower concentration
|
diffusion
|
|
does not require energy to move substances into cells
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
requires energy to move substances to a region of higher concentration
|
active transport
|
|
cytoplasm divides to form two distinct cells
|
cytokinesis
|
|
disease in which cells grow and divide at an abnormally high rate
|
cancer
|
|
chemical reaction that requires net release of energy
|
exergonic
|
|
chemical reaction that requires net input of energy
|
endergonic
|
|
makes a reaction proceed faster without themselves being used up during the reaction
|
catalyst
|
|
causes faster reaction because of lower activation energy
|
enzyme
|
|
light consists of tiny packets of energy called
|
photons
|
|
molecules that absorb light
|
pigments
|
|
process in which an atom or molecule loses an electron
|
oxidation
|
|
process in which an atom or molecule gains an electron
|
reduction
|
|
organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait
|
homozygous
|
|
organisms that have two different alleles for that same trait
|
heterozygous
|
|
directs the formation of proteins
|
RNA
|
|
during what an RNA copy of a gene is made
|
transcription
|
|
during what three different kind of RNA work together to assemble amino acids into a protein molecule
|
translation
|
|
able to regulate their body temperature through internal mechanisms
|
endotherms
|
|
cannot regulate their temperature internally and must absorb heat from their surroundings
|
ectotherms
|
|
animals with five flexible fingers
|
primates
|
|
carry their own DNA and reproduce independently of cell's chromosomes
|
mitochondria
|
|
study of how organisms fit into their environment
|
ecology
|
|
eat both plants and animals
|
omnivores
|
|
tropical rainforests, savannas, deserts, temperate grasslands, deciduous forests, coniferous forests and tundra are examples of
|
biomes
|
|
organisms such as plants that make their own food
|
autotrophs
|
|
cannot make their own food
|
heterotrophs
|
|
absorb nitrogen gas and convert it to ammonia
|
bacteria
|
|
process of transforming nitrogen gas into ammonia
|
nitrogen fixation
|
|
when two or more species evolve in response to each other
|
coevolution
|
|
close long term association between two or more species
|
symbiosis
|
|
kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species are in what order
|
largest to smallest
|
|
group of similiar cells organized into a functional unit
|
tissue
|
|
collections of different kinds of tissue that are dedicated to one function
|
organs
|
|
transport oxygen
|
red blood cells
|
|
protect against infection
|
white blood cells
|
|
help clotting
|
platelets
|
|
defind by proteins on the surface of red blood cells
|
blood type
|
|
carry blood away from the heart
|
arteries
|
|
carry blood back to the heart
|
veins
|
|
returns fluids back to the blood vessels
|
lymphatic system
|
|
what keep the planets orbiting the sun in elliptical paths
|
combination of inertia and gravity
|
|
june 20 or 21 when northern hemisphere has its longest day and southern hemisphere has its shortest day, sun reaches the highest point in the sky refers to
|
summer solstice
|
|
december 21 or 22 when sun seems lower in the sky, the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere and the longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere refers to
|
winter solstice
|
|
when day and night are equal all over the world
|
equinoxes
|
|
when the new moon comes directly between the sun and the earth, as the earth moves into the moons shadow, sunlight is blocked from reaching the earth
|
solar eclispe
|
|
earth comes directly between the sun and the full moon
|
lunar eclispe
|
|
percent of atmosphere nitrogen makes up
|
71%
|
|
percent of atmosphere oxygen makes up
|
21%
|
|
returned to the atmosphere when dead animals and plants decay
|
nitrogen
|
|
second most abundant gas in the atmosphere
|
oxygen
|
|
layers of earth from closest to furthest
|
troposhere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere
|
|
area around the earth that extends beyond the atmosphere
|
magnetosphere
|
|
solid earth
|
lithosphere
|
|
deepest part of the ocean, long, narrow crevices
|
trenches
|
|
mountain ranges under oceans
|
midocean ridges
|
|
up and down movement of the ocean
|
waves
|
|
steady movement of the oceans
|
currents
|
|
rise and fall of the ocean
|
tides
|
|
highest point of wave
|
crest
|
|
lowest point of a wave
|
trough
|
|
caused by gravitational attraction among the earth, moon , and sun
|
tides
|
|
caused mainly by wind patterns
|
surface currents
|
|
caused by differences in the density of ocean water
|
deep currents
|
|
water changes to water vapor
|
evaporation
|
|
water vapor changes back to water
|
condensation
|
|
lines on a map or globe that run between north and south poles
|
meridian
|
|
meridian that runs through greenwich england
|
prime meridian
|
|
distance east and west of the prime meridian
|
longitude
|
|
lines from east to west across a map or globe
|
parallels
|
|
parallel located halfway between the north and south poles
|
equator
|
|
measure of distance north and south of the equator
|
latitude
|
|
earth's crust forms the upper part of the
|
lithosphere
|
|
layer directly beneath the lithosphere
|
asthenosphere
|
|
sudden movement of the earth's outermost layer
|
earthquake
|
|
shock waves produced by an earthquacke
|
seismic waves
|
|
layer of earth that lies above the outer core and beneath earth's crust
|
mantle
|
|
a break or crack along which rocks move
|
fault
|
|
bend in a rock
|
fold
|
|
breaking, tilting and folding of rocks
|
deformation
|
|
squeezes the rocks of the crust together
|
compression
|
|
pulls the rocks of the crust apart
|
tension
|
|
pushes two parts of the crust in opposite directions, causing the rocks of the crust to twist or tear apart
|
shearing
|
|
break along which rocks do not move
|
joint
|
|
block of rock above a fault
|
hanging wall
|
|
block of rock below a fault
|
foot wall
|
|
valleys formed when the block of land between two normal faults slides downward
|
rift valleys
|
|
deep within the earth, under tremendous pressure and at extreme temperatures, rock exists as hot liquid called
|
magma
|
|
when magma reaches the earth's surface it is called
|
lava
|
|
volcanoes mad mostly of cinders and other rock particles that have been blown into the air
|
cinder cones
|
|
volcanoes composed of quiet lava flows
|
shield volcanoes
|
|
volcanoes built up of alternating layers of rock particles and lava
|
composite volcanoes
|
|
most common cause of earthquakes
|
faulting
|
|
giant sea waves caused by earthquakes on ocean floor
|
tsunamis
|
|
underground point of origin of an earthquake
|
focus
|
|
located on the earth's surface directly above the focus
|
epicenter
|
|
three types of seismic waves
|
primary (P), secondary (S), and surface (L) waves
|
|
strength of an earthquake is measured on the
|
richter scale
|
|
place where magma reaches the earth's surface
|
volcanoe
|
|
opening from which lava erupts
|
vent
|
|
giant single landmass earth once was
|
pangaea
|
|
as the ocean floor moves away on either side of the ridge lava wells up and hardens, the hardened lava forms new ocean floor in a process called
|
ocean floor spreading
|
|
helps to explain continental drift
|
ocean floor spreading
|
|
deep V shaped valleys
|
trenches
|
|
process in which crust plunges back into the earth
|
subduction
|
|
destroyed when it is subducted into trenches and melted inside the mantle
|
ocean floor
|
|
ages of the ocean floor rocks and magnetic stripes of the ocean floor are evidence of
|
ocean floor spreading
|
|
matter can be classified onto 3 forms
|
elements, compounds and mixtures
|
|
two or more substances physcially combined
|
mixture
|
|
minerals or combinations of minerals from which metals and nonmetals canbe removed in usable amounts
|
ores
|
|
rocks which were originially hot, fluid magma within the earth
|
igneous
|
|
rocks formed from particles that have been carried along and deposited by wind and water
|
sedimentary
|
|
rocks formed when chemical reactions, tremendous heat and or pressure change existing rocks into new kinds of rocks
|
metamorphic
|
|
rocks formed from lava
|
extrusive rocks
|
|
rocks formed deep within the earth
|
intrusive rocks
|
|
may be formed from igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks
|
metamorphic rocks
|
|
breaking down of rocks and other materials on the earth's surface
|
weathering
|
|
layer of rock beneath soil
|
bedrock
|
|
decaying material
|
humus
|
|
formed when rocks are continuously broken down by weathering
|
soil
|
|
caused by gravity, wind, running water, glaciers, and waves
|
erosion
|
|
the powerful force of waves constantly erodes and shapes the
|
shoreline
|
|
the sun's energy that is absorbed by the earth is spread throughout the atmosphere in three basic ways
|
conduction, convection, and radiation
|
|
energy that is neither reflected nor absorbed by the atmosphere and reaches the earth surface and changed to heat
|
radiant
|
|
direct transfer of heat energy from one substance to another
|
conduction
|
|
transfer of heat energy in a fluid (gas, liquid or air)
|
convection
|
|
used to measure wind
|
anemometer
|
|
form when moisture in the air condenses on small particles of dust or other solids in the air
|
clouds
|
|
transferred by conduction, convection or radiation
|
heat energy
|
|
measure of distance north or south of the equator
|
lattitude
|
|
basic factors that determine climate
|
temperature and precipitation
|
|
lattitude, elevation, and the presence of ocean currents are factors that affect
|
temperature
|
|
prevailing winds and the presence of moutain ranges are factors that affect
|
precipitation
|
|
biomes that are not determined by climate
|
aquatic or water
|
|
small pieces of rocks, shells, and other materials that were broken down over time
|
sediments
|
|
fossils that reveal much about an animal's appearance without showing any part of the animal
|
trace fossils
|
|
states that in a series of sedimentary rock layers, younger rocks normally lie on top of older rocks
|
law of superposition
|
|
is used to dertermine whether a fossil or a layer of rock is older or younger than another fossil or layer of rock
|
law of superposition
|
|
driving force behind evolution
|
mutation
|
|
energy produced from the heat energy within the Earth itself
|
geothermal energy
|
|
combining of two atomic nuclei to produce one larger nucleus with the release of nuclear energy
|
nuclear fusion
|
|
energy locked within the atomic nucleus
|
nuclear energy
|
|
formed hundreds of millions of years abo from the remains of dead plants and animals
|
fossil fuels
|
|
over millions of years, heat and pressure changed sediments into rocks and the plant and animal remains into
|
fossil fuels
|
|
three main fossil fuels
|
coal, oil and natural gas
|