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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a teratogen? Give examples |
any agent that can cause birth defects ex: alcohol, drugs, antidepressents |
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What are the 2 reasons why helpless human infants survive? |
1) We take care of them 2) They come equipped with reflexes |
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Reflex? |
genetically-wired, involuntary responses that are crucial for infant survival |
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What is motor development? |
The gradual development of muscle control, balance and movement |
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Infants develops motor skills from the "head" down. What are the 6 main Motor Milestones? |
1) Raising the head 2) Rolling over 3) Propped Up 4) Sitting Up 5) Crawling 6) Walking |
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What is the difference between Gross Motor Development and Fine Motor Development? |
Gross=crawling, standing, walking
Fine=reaching and grasping |
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What is Perceptual Development? |
the gradual development of the senses and the interpretation of sensory info |
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List the 5 senses from best developed to worst developed at birth |
1)smell 2) taste 3) touch 4) hearing 5) vision |
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Describe babies' development of vision at:
a) 2-4 months b) 6 months c) 6-7 months |
a) 2-4: focus and color vision
b) 6: acuity, scanning and tracking
c) 6-7: depth perception; Visual Cliff |
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What are the 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory and what's their timeframe? |
1) Sensorimotor: birth--2 yrs old 2) Preoperational: 3-7 yrs old 3) Concrete Operational: 7-11 yrs old 4) Formal Operational: adolescence--adulthood |
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According to Piaget, what's a schema? |
Schema: a psychological structure that organizes everything we experience, allowing a child to interact with objects and others |
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According to Piaget, what is Adaptation? What are its 2 forms? |
Adaptation: building schemas by interacting with the environment 1) Assimilation: incorporating new info into existing schemas 2) Accomodation: changing a schema to accomodate new info |
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Describe the 1st (Sensorimotor) Stage of Development according to Piaget and what are its 2 hallmarks? |
From birth-2 yrs old. Infants construct an understanding of the world through sensory experiences and motor actions. Gains pleasure from sensory+motor functions |
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Describe the 2nd (Preoperational) stage of development according to Piaget. What are its 3 Hallmarks? |
3-7 yrs old Child develops abilities for symbolic thought and pretend play, but not complex, logical thought. Hallmarks: language development Egocentric (only understand the world from their view) incapable of the concept of conservation. |
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Describe the 3rd (Concrete Operational) stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory. What are its 3 hallmarks? |
7-11 yrs old Child uses operations and logical reasoning skills in concrete situations. Hallmarks: Capable of conservation Subjective moral judgment Not good with hypothetical thinking |
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Describe the 4th (Formal Operational) stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory. What are its 3 hallmarks? |
11-adulthood Thinking about things that aren't concrete; making hypotheses and predictions. Hallmarks: Capable of hypothetical thought Speculation regarding the future Capable of Abstract thinking |
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What are the 3 main consequences of adolescent cognitive changes? |
Self consciousness 1)A new kind of ego-centrism based on ability of perspective-taking 2) Imaginary Audience: the belief that you're the focus of everyone's attention and concern. 3) Personal Fable: inflated opinion of own importance; feeling of being special and unique |
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What time range is an infant able to form an attachment to its caregivers? |
6-12 months |
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What is infant attachment? |
the emotional bond between an infant and its caregivers |
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Who did the "Strange Situations" experiment and what was the goal of the experiment? |
Mary Ainsworth; experiment designed to measure the quality of infant attachment. |
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What are the 3 kinds of infant attchment styles and what do they entail? |
1) Secure: as long as mom's there, everything's okay. Easily comforted+wilingness to explore
2) Avoidant: baby isn't looking to caregiver for reassurance; isn't upset if mom is or isn't there.
3) Ambiguous/Resistent: baby is super clingy to mom, upset if mom leaves and isn't easily comforted even after she gets back. |
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What question did harry Harlow's "Wire mother Experiment" ask?
What was the answer? |
Q: "Why do babies develop attachments to their caregivers?"
A: Babies preferred "contact comfort"--the physical sensation of comfortable contact to their mother is critical to development. |
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What is personality? |
the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives and beh that distinguish one person from another. |
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What are the 5 major theories of Personality? |
1) Psychodynamic Perspective 2) Trait Perspective 3) Learning-Theory Perspective 4) Humanistic-Existential Perspective 5) Sociocultural Perspective |
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Who founded the Psychodynamic theory of personality and what did he emphasize? |
Sigmund Freud. Emphasized the importance of unconscious motives and conflits as sources that define behavior. (Id, Ego, Superego) |
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What are the 3 principles that run the Id, Ego and Superego? |
id: pleasure principle
Ego: reality principle
Superego: morality principle |
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What are the 3 stages of prenatal development? |
1) Germinal: 2 weeks after conception, massive cell DIVISION, ends with implantation into uterine wall. 2) Embryonic period: weeks 3-8 after conception. Massive cell DIFFERENTIATION, nutrients thru placenta. 3) Fetal Period: Months 2-9 after conception. Massive PHYSICAL Growth |
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What is the age of viability? |
The age where pre-mature babies can be born and likely survive: ages 22-26 weeks. |
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What idea is Freud's psychosexual development stages based on? |
Based on the idea that sexual impulses are a central factor in the development of personality. Human development involves the transfer of psychological energy (libido) from one erogenous zone to the next. |
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What are the 5 stages of Psychosexual Development, according to Freud? Unresolved conflicts during these stages result in what kinds of problems? |
1) Oral (1st yr of life): world is experienced thru mouth. Oral fixation: smoking, overeating, nail biting.
2) Anal (2nd year): sexual gratification from contraction and relaxation of bowels.
3) Phallic (3rd yr): sexual grat. from phallic region. Oedipus and Elextra complexes can develop.
4) Latency: period where sexual desires remain unconscious
5) Genital: Puberty--adolescents develop stron sexual urges toward opposite gendered parent, but the incest tabboo makes them seek gratification w/ ppl of opposite gender. |
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What are the 3 main criticisms of Freud's theory of personality? |
1) Not possible to assess the "id, ego and superego"
2) Criticisms of fixations and psychosexual stages
3) Freud's theories developed from clinical population. |
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Who came up with The Trait Perspective theory of Personality? What is its main point? |
Hans Eysenck. "Personality is Two-Dimensional, sliding scale between Introversion-Extroversion and Emotional Stability-Instability" |
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What are the "Big Five" personality traits according to Costa and McCrae? |
1) Extraversion 2) Agreeableness 3) Conscientiousness 4) Neuroticism 5) Openness to Experience |
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What are the 2 main takeaways/evaluation points for the Traits Perspective? |
1) Has helped w/ development of personality assessments
2) More descriptive than explanatory |
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What are the 2 theories of personality under the Learning-Theory Perspectives? |
1) Behaviorism: situational variables and the environment shape human prefs and beh.
2) Social-Cognitive Theory: We influence our environment and our environment influences us (reciprocal determinism). |
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What are the 3 points of evaluation/criticism on the Learning-Perspective theories? |
1) Emphasis on observable behaviors as indicative of personality.
2) Emphasize the importance of situational variables, ignoring the richness of internal expriences
3) Doesn't address how personality traits develop. |
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What are the 2 main theories under the umbrella of the Humanistic-Existential Perspective of personality? |
1) Humanism: The view that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment and ethical behavior.
2) Existentialism: The view that people are completely free and responsible for their own behavior. |
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Who was Maslow and what did he say about Self-Actualization? |
Said we aren't at the mercy of our primitive, physiological needs; we can also strive toward self-actualization. Everyone's path to self-actualization is unique. |
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What does Roger's believe? What does his Self Theory say? |
"People shape themselves thru free choice and action".
Self Theory--focuses on the nature of the self and the conditions that allow the self to develop freely. Importance of (unconditional/conditional) Positive Regard. |
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According to Rogers, what's a Frame of Reference? |
Unique way of viewing ourselves and the world |
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What are the main 2 takeaways/evals/criticisms of the Humanistic-Existential perspective? |
1) Focus on personal experience
2) Circular reasoning |
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What does the Sociocultural Perspective of Personality say/focus on? |
View that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior and mental processes. |
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What are the 2 types of people according to the Sociocultural Perspective of behavior? |
1) Individualist: Person who defines him/herself in terms of personal traits and gives priorities to personal goals.
2) Collectivist: person who defines him/herself in terms of relationships to other people and groups and gives priority to group goals. |
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What are the 2 evaluative takeaways of the Sociocultural Perspective of Theory? |
1) You can't fully understand a person w/out considering their culture.
2) Including culture enriches our understanding of human behavior and mental processes. |
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What are the 2 MAIN types of personality testing? |
1) Objective testing--fixed set of responses, true/false, yes/no; dimensional scaling.
2) Projective Testing |
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What are the 6 advantages of Objective Testing? |
Advantages: 1) economical, 2) Large group 3) Single dimension/trait can be targeted 4) Computer scoring and interpretation 5) Straightforward 6) Objective+reliable |
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What are the 6 disadvantages of objective testing? |
1) Potential for misinterpretation 2) Underlying reason for beh. not evident 3) Mixed behaviors, unrepresentative 4) Distorted or lost info 5) Purposeful incorrect answering 6) Misinterpretation of item meaning |
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In objective testing, what was the original purpose of the MMPI and MMPI-2 tests? |
to diagnose psychiatric illnesses. Nowadays, has shifted more to identifying personality traits. |
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What is projective testing? Name 2 times? |
Procedure for discovering a person's characteristic modes of beh by observing behavior in response to a situation that doesn't elicit or compel a specific response. 1) Rorschach testing 2) Thematic apperception test (TAT): uses pictures |
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What are the 5 main characteristics of projective testing? |
1) examinee imposes own structure 2) unstructured stimulus 3) Indirect methodology 4) Freedom of response 5) Many variables to rate |
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What are the 4 aspects judged for for Rorshach testing? |
1) location 2) content 3) determinants 4) popular/original answers |
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What are the 4 main criticisms of projective testing? |
1) Faces challenges 2) Lacks Retest Studies 3) Reliability of clinician's interpretations 4) Environmental conditions and influence on interpretations |
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What is a health psychologist? |
A psychologist who researches the relationship between psychological factors and physical |
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What is the difference between stress and a stressor? |
Stress=the demand that is made on an organism to adapt, cope or adjust.
Stressor=an event that gives rise to feelings of stress. |
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what are daily hassles? Examples? |
things that we encounter everyday that can cause stress.
ex: Household hassles Health hassles Inner concern hassls Environmental hassles Financial responsibility hassles Work hassles Security hassles |
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What are the opposite of daily hassles? |
Uplifts |
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What are life changes? |
Don't happen as often as daily hassles. Inherently positive, although even positive changes can lead to negative health consequences because of the need to adjust.
Ex: headaches, high BP |
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What is conflict? What are the 4 types? |
Conflict: being pulled in 2 or more directions by opposing forces.
1) approach-approach 2) Avoidance-Avoidance 3) Approach-avoidance 4) Multiple approach-avoidane |
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Approach-approach conflict? |
the least stressful kind of conflict; choosing between 2 positive things. |
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Avoidance-avoidance? |
the MOST stressful type of conflict; choosing between 2 unpleasant things. |
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Approach-avoidance? |
conflict when there's only 1 goal at hand, but you'er weighing the pros and cons of that decision. To do or not? ex: sleeping in is great, vs I want to go to breakfast with my friends. |
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Multiple approach-avoidance? |
the most complex type of conflict; you're deciding between 2 goals and both have positives and negatives associated with them. |
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What are the 3 parts of Ellis's A-->B-->C--> approach to understanding Irrational Beleifs and distress? |
A) Activating events=event that happens to you B) Beliefs=your interpretation about the activation event will affect the... C) Consequences=how you handle the event |
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What is catastrophizing? What can it lead to? |
Catastrophizing=interpreting negative events as being disastrous/to blow things out of proportion Can lead to feelings of anxiety and depression. |
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What are the 3 main differences between Type A and Type B behaviors? |
Competitive versus relaxed
Time urgent versus 1 thing at a time
Hostile+aggressive versus expressing feelings. |
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What are the 5 moderators of stress? |
1) Self-efficacy expectations 2) Psychological hardiness 3) Sense of humor 4) Predictability and control 5) Social support |
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Self Efficacy expectations? |
Beliefs about our own abilities to bring about a desired change thrugh our own efforts. high eff exp: less disturbance to adverse events, more likely to quit smoking, drinking |
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Psychological hardiness? cahracterized by what 3 things? |
Cluster of traits that buffer stress characterized by: 1) commitment 2) challenge: "change is normal; it's an opportunity to grow" 3) Control: Internal locus of control vs external locus of control: "I did badly on this exam cuz the teacher hates me" |
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Is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) a disease or no? |
NOT a disease; more of a process of how we handle stress. |
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What is the General Adaptation Syndrome? What are the 3 stages? |
Group of bodily changes triggered by stress. 1) The Alarm Reaction: the initial fight or flight response. 2) The Resistence Stage=occurs if stressor is not removed; bodily tension/heavy burden on body 3) The Exhaustion Stage=if stressor still remains, muscle fatigue sets in. Heartbeat slows out of exhaustion. Diseases. |
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Biopsychosocial MOdel of Health?
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Bio, psycho and sociocultural factors are involved in health and illness. Bio=obesity, high BP, family history Psychological=stress, depression, smoking, behaviors Sociocultural=timing of diagnosis/treatment, access to healthcare |
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What are the 2 types of headaches? |
1) Muscle-tension headaches: dull pain on both sides; tightness or pressure. A side effect of catastrophizing.
2) Migraine headaches: sudden onset, severe 1-sided throbbing pain. bio factors: pollen, chocolate, alcohol, etc. psych factors: Type A pattern, catastrophizing |
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Coronary Heart Disease: What are some biological, psychological and sociocultural risk factors? |
Bio: family history, physiological conditions, hypertension, sedentery lifestyle
Psych: type A behavior, job strain, chronic fatigue, stress, etc.
Sociocultural: Native, Asian and latin Americans less likely than whties or blacks to die. French, Spanish and Portuguese less likely to die. |
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Cancer: bio, psych and sociocultural risk factors? |
Bio: genetic disposition, tanning, eating animal fat, etc.
Psych: stress, prolonged depression
Sociocultural: Death rates lower in Thailand, the Philippines, Japan. A. Americans more likely to contract cancer. |
