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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phrenology
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the now discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality traits(which can be read by bumps on the skull
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structuralism
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an early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements
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functionalism
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an early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness
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psychoanalysis
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a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy origionally formulated by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts
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biological perspective
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focus on how bodily events affects behaviors ,feelings and thoughts
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evolutionary psychology
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follows in the footsteps of functionalism by focusing on how genetically influenced behavior that was functional or adaptive during our evolutionary past may be reflected in many part of our present behaviors,mental processes and traits
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learning perspective
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is concerned with how the environment affects a persons(or non-humans)actions
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sociocultural perspective
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focuses on social and cultural forces outside the individual,forces that shape every aspect of behavior from how we kiss to where and what we eat
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psychodynamic perspective
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deals with unconsious dynamics within the individual,such as inner forces,conflicts or instinctual energy; psychodynamic psychologists try to dig below the surface of a persons behavior to get to its unconscious roots;they think of themselves as archaeologists of the mind
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humanist psychology
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a psychological approach that emphasizes free will,personal growth,resilience and the achievement of human potential
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feminist psychology
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a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes
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basic psychology
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the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application
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applied psychology
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the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance;also the application of psychological findings
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theory
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an organized system of assumptions and principles that popurts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related
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operational definitions
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specify how the phenomena in question are to be observed and measured
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reliabilty
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the consistency of scores derived from a test from one time and place to another
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validity
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the ability of a test to measure whatit was designed to measure
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correlation
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a numerical measure of the strength between two things
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variables
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characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or described by a numerical scale
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independant variable
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a variable that the experimenter manipulated
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dependent variable
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a variable the the experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independant variable(the reaction of the subject
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placebo
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an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient
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cross-sectional study
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a study in which subjects of different ages are compared at a given time
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longitudinal study
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a study in which subjects are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time
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evolutionary psychology
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emphasizes the evolutionary mechanisms that might help to explain commonalities in language,learning,attention,perceptions.sexual behavior,emotions,reasoning and many other aspects of human psychology
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evolution
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a change in gen frequencies within a population
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natural selection
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the evolutionary process in which individuals with genetically influenced traits that are adaptive in a situation,tend to survive and to reproduce in greater numbers that do other individuals;as a result,their traits become more common in the population
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language acquisition device
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an innate mental module that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation
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sociobiology
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an interdisciplinary field that emphasizes evolutionary explanations of social explanations of social behavior in animals,including human beings
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heritability
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a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group
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central nervous system
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the portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord,the CNS receives,processes,interprets,and stores incoming sensory information
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natural selection
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the evolutionary process in which individuals with genetically influenced traits that are adaptive in a situation,tend to survive and to reproduce in greater numbers that do other individuals;as a result,their traits become more common in the population
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language acquisition device
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an innate mental module that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation
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sociobiology
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an interdisciplinary field that emphasizes evolutionary explanations of social explanations of social behavior in animals,including human beings
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heritability
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a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group
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central nervous system
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the portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord,the CNS receives,processes,interprets,and stores incoming sensory information
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peripheral nervous system
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handles the central nervous systems input and output.It contains all the portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
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somatic nervous system (AKA skeletal nervous system)
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consisting of nerves that are connected to sensory receptors-cells that enable you to sense the world around and also the skeletal muscles that permit voluntary action when you feel a bug on your arm,turn off a light,write your name,your somatic nervous system is active
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autonamic nervous system
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regulates the functioning of blood vessels,glands,and internal visceral organs such as the stomach,bladder and heart-if you see someone you have a crush on and your heart pounds,you can blame your autonamic nervous system
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symphathetic nervous system
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the subdivision of the autonamic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress
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parasymphathetic nervous system
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the subdivision of the autonamic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy
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mylean sheath
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a fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron.it is made up of glial cells.one purpose of the mylean sheath is to prevent signals in adjacent cells from interfering with each other
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neurotransmitter
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a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse,and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron
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endorphins
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chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates;they are involved in pain reduction,pleasure,and memory and are technically known as endogenous opiod peptides
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melatonin
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a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that is involved in the regulation of daily biological rhythms
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oxytocin
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secreted by another small gland in the brain(the pituitary gland)enhances uterine contractions during childbirth and facilitates the ejection of milk during nursing
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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produced by the inner part of the adrenal gland produces ehineprine (adrenaline and norepinephrine)
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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a recording of neural activity detected by electrodes
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transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)
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a method of stimulationg brain cells using a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil on a persons head;it can be used by researchers to temporarily inactivate neural circuits and is also being used therapeutically
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PET scan(positron -emission tomography)
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a method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain using injections of a glucose like substance containing a radioactive element
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MRI-(magnetic resonance imaging)
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a method for studying body and brain tissue,using magnetic fields and special radio receivers
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mylean sheath
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a fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron.it is made up of glial cells.one purpose of the mylean sheath is to prevent signals in adjacent cells from interfering with each other
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neurotransmitter
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a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse,and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron
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endorphins
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chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates;they are involved in pain reduction,pleasure,and memory and are technically known as endogenous opiod peptides
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melatonin
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a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that is involved in the regulation of daily biological rhythms
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oxytocin
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secreted by another small gland in the brain(the pituitary gland)enhances uterine contractions during childbirth and facilitates the ejection of milk during nursing
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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produced by the inner part of the adrenal gland produces ehineprine (adrenaline and norepinephrine)
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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a recording of neural activity detected by electrodes
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transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)
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a method of stimulating brain cells using a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil on a persons head;it can be used by researchers to temporarily inactivate neural circuits and is also being used therapeutically
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PET scan(positron -emission tomography)
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a method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain using injections of a glucose like substance containing a radioactive element
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MRI-(magnetic resonance imaging)
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a method for studying body and brain tissue,using magnetic fields and special radio receivers
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