General Psychology

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Information Processing Theory

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an approach to the study of mental structures and processes that uses the computer as a model for human thinking

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Encoding

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the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

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Storage

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the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory

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Retrieval

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the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory

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Sensory Memory

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the memory system that hold information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2 seconds

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Short-term memory

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the memory system that codes information according to sound and holds about seven items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory

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Displacement

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the event that occurs when short-term memory is filled to capacity and each new; incoming item pushes out an existing item, which is then forgotten.

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Chunking

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a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bit of information into larger unit, which are easier to remember

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Rehearsal

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the act of purposely repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory

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Memory

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a cognitive process that includes encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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Working memory

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the memory subsystem that we use when we try to understand information, remember it, or use it to solve a problem or communicate with someone

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Maintenance Rehearsal

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repeating information in short-term memory until it is no longer needed; may eventually lead to storage of information on long-term memory

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Elaborative Rehearsal

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a memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is already known

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Long-term memory

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the memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent memories

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Declarative memory

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the subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then declared or state; also called explicit memory

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Episodic memory

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the type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced

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Semantic Memory

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the type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge or objective facts and information

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Nondeclarative memory

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the subsystem with long term memory that stores motor skills habits and simple classical conditioned responses called implicit memory

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Priming

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the phenomenon by which an earlier encounter with a stimulus increases the speed or accuracy of naming that stimulus or a related stimulus at a later time

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Recall

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a memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory

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Retrieval cue

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any stimulus or bit of information that aids in retrieving particular information from long term memory

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Recognition

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a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before

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Relearning method

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a measure of memory in which retention is expressed as the percentage of time saved when material is relearned compared with the time required to learn the material orginally

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Savings score

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the percentage of time saved when relearning material compared with the amount of time required for the original learning

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Serial position effect

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the findings that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in a sequence

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Primary Effect

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the tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more readily than the middle items

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Recall effect

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the tendency to recall the last items in a sequence more readily than those in the middle

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State dependent memory effect

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the tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or physiological state as when the information was encoded

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Reconstruction

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an account of an event that has been pieced together from a few highlights, using information that may or may not be accurate.

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Schemas

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the integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions a person has about people, objects, and events, which affect how the person encodes and recalled information

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Flashbulb memory

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an extremely vivid memory of the conditions surrounding one's first hearing the news of a surprising, shocking, or highly emotional event

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Eidetic imagery

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the ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after it has been removed from view and to use this retained image to answer questions about the visual stimulus

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Infantile amnesia

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the relative inability of older children or adults to recall events from the fist few years of life

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Hippocampal Region

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a part of the limbic system, which includes the hippocampus itself and the underlying critical areas involved in the formation of semantic memories

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Long term potential

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an increase in the efficiency of neural transmission at the synapse that last for hours or longer

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Amnesia

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a partial or complete loss of memory; due to loss of consciousness (LOC), brain damage or physiological

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Anterograde Amnesia

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the inablity to form long term memories or events occurs after a brain injury or brain surgery, although memories before trauma are usually intact, and short term is unaffected

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Retrograd amnesia

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a loss of memory for experiences that occured shortly before a loss of consciousness

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Dementias

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a collection of neurological disorders in which degenerative processes in the brain diminish sufferers ability to remember an process information

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Nonsense Syllable

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a consanant-vowel-consanant combination that does not spell a word and is used in memory research

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Encoding Failure

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a cause of forgetting that occurs when information was never put into a long term memory

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Interference

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a cause of forgetting that occurs because information or associated store either before or after a given memory hinder the ability to remember it

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Consolidation failure

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any disruption in the consolidation process that prevents a long-term memory from forming

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Motivated forgetting

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forgetting through suppression or repression in order to protect oneself from material that is painful, frightening or otherwise unpleasant

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Repression

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completely removing unpleasant memories from ones consciousness

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Prospective forgetting

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not remembering to carry out some intended action

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Retrieval failure

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not remembering something one is certain of knowing

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Tip of the tongue

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the experience of knowing that a particular piece of information has been learned but being unable to retrieve it

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Over learning

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practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated

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Massed practice

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learning in one long practice session without rest periods

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Spaced practice

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learning in short practice sessions with rest periods in between