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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivation
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includes inner states and processes that arouse, direct and sustain an action
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Instinct
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a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned
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Drive-reduction theory
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by, say, eating or drinking. With few exceptions, when a physiological need increases, so does a psychological drive – an aroused motivated state
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Homeostatic control systems
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unchanging body reaction maintain satisfactory internal environment even though the external environment changes
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Incentives
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reason to do something, motivation for something; positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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Physiological needs –hunger/thirst
Safety needs – need for shelter Belonging/love needs – care for others/need to be cared for, to love and be loved. Esteem needs – want to feel good about self/social approval, want independence/achieve and accomplish goals Self-actualization – living up to full potential. Become the best person that you can be |
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External Incentives
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driven by the presence of food, smell, taste, etc.
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Lateral Hypothalamus
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(jack of all trades = the hypothalamus) the on switch, makes you hungry. Along the sides
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus
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the off switch, tells them when done eating/had enough. Lower middle
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Impact of culture
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culture raised in can define what you eat, when we eat, how much you eat, what is beautiful media/culture dictates beauty
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Impact of emotion
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eat or don’t eat in specific emotions. Depressed/anxious crave sweets or if bored and starchy foods helps us sleep
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Glucose
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form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low we feel hunger.
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Set point
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point at which bodies want us to be at a particular weight level
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Metabolic Rate
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resting rate of expenditure (energy) used. When go on quick diets rate drops body kick in instinctual drive because think famine has struck but exercising defeats this mechanism
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Achievement Motivation
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a desire to accomplish something for mastering skills or ideas for control, to reach a standard of excellence and to expand effort to excel
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Emotional Roots
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feels good to achieve, gives us a desire to work hard (rewards/satisfaction)
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Cognitive Roots
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relate achievement to effort put forth
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Attribution Theory
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we tend to give a causal (cause/effect) explanation for someone’s behavior. Often by crediting either the situation (tough or easy test) or the person’s disposition (they studied hard)
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Intrinsic Motivation
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internal, going to do task because it brings satisfaction, want to be competent, task is rewarding in and of itself
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Extrinsic Motivation
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external do task to get a reward to avoid punishment
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Mastery Orientation
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want to learn new strategies, thought process task oriented
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Helpless Orientation
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threatened by new tasks become anxious and performance ends up bad
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Industrial/Organizational Psychology
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look at/monitor/study the workplace
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Emotion
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pleasant or unpleasant states of arousal involving physiological changes, cognitive evaluations, and expression to others
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Polygraph
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a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological response
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Primary emotions
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basic, have at birth and we exhibit them in the first few months. Universal (everyone no matter what culture have these) joy/happiness, interest distress, anger, fear, surprised (startled) and disgust. Many babies smile by or before 6 months. 5-8 months = fear. Distress way early
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Secondary emotions
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erupt after 1st birthday, geared toward our reactions to other people: embarrassment, guilt, gratitude, shame, pride
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Relative deprivation
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the sense that we are worse off than others with whom we compare ourselves
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James-Lange theory
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because have physical response then you have emotion: driving, car coming towards you…heart pounds then you get scared (fear)
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Cannon-Bard theory
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physical reaction and emotion are two separate things but they react at the same time: heart pounds and fear at same time when see car
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Two-factor theory
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Schachter and Singer. 1) have physical reaction 2) cognitive evaluation for emotional reaction to occur: pounding heart at same time think about situation then fear
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Display rules
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(Ekman) social rules that govern the kind of emotion appropriate to show in specific to show in specific situations. Ex: female in public don’t want to show anger, not lady-like. Ex: Males in public don’t show sadness or pain
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Facial expressions
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infants: w/in 24 hours babies start to imitate our facial expressions. 2 months old can recognize and react to facial expressions and engage interactions. Emotional universals: around globe people use same facial expressions (smile/frown). Context specific: how much emotion we display and in what setting. Americans in general we wear our emotions on our sleeve
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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If have difficult task to perform will do well with low arousal, if have easy task will do well with high arousal
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Health Psychology
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provides a psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
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Stress
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process by which we perceive and respond to stressors
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Stressor
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Events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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Coping
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alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods
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Vulnerability
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susceptible to physical or emotional injury
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fight-or-flight response
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An emergency response, including activity of the sympathetic nervous system, that mobilizes energy and activity for attacking or escaping a threat
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General Adaption Syndrome (Hans Selye)
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Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three states – alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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Alarm
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(mobilize resources) due to sudden activation of your sympathetic nervous system, your heart rate zooms, blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles, you feel the faintness of shock
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Resistance
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(cope with stress) your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high and there is a sudden outpouring of hormones
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Exhaustion
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(reserves depleted) you are more vulnerable to illness or even in extreme cases collapse and death
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Eustress
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positive stress, motivates and focuses energy short-term and feels exciting, improve performance, inside our coping capabilities
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Distress
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negative stress, causes anxiety or concern, can be long-term and feels unpleasant, decreases performance, outside our coping
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problem focused coping
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Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
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emotion focused coping
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Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs in relation to our stress reaction
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Self-Efficacy
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the belief that one is capable of performing in a certain manner to attain certain goals, effectiveness
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Sense of Humor
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attitude matters, good to laugh
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Goal Directedness vs. Playfullness
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need to take breaks
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Time Management
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need to have specific time to focus and organize self to stay on track and schedule. Disorganization can make one stress out
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Optimism
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anticipation of positive outcomes. Optimistic people perceive more control and cope better with stressful events and enjoy better health
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Predictability
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predicting the outcome in a positive way such as saying I will do good on this test gives confidence and will actually help and knowing ahead of time about the test and how much time you have to study will help
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Biofeedback
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system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
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Exercise
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can reduce stress, depression and anxiety. Moderate exercise adds to the quality of life = more energy and a better mood
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Support Systems
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help gain confidence and keep attitude positive
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Self-Relaxation Techniques
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study, organize, eat healthy, sleep, exercise, breathe deeply
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Social Psychology
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another
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Physical proximity
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attracted to people we see regularly
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Exposure effect
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see someone often it increases your familiarity (which we like)
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Physical attractiveness
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physical beauty
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Halo effect
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physical beauty attracts us, regardless of age. The idea that people who are physically attractive will have other attracting features. Halo = angels, beautiful messengers of great joy, helpful and warriors protecting us.
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Similarity
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increases in importance after a while of relationship, easier to communicate and share activities, confirm our opinions and beliefs
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Social comparison theory
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we evaluate our opinions and beliefs in terms of the opinions and beliefs of others whom we respect, enhances familiarity and thus comfort
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Fundamental attribution error
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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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Attitude
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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events
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Role
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a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when tow of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
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Identification
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mentally associating yourself with another person or group in your thoughts, feelings or actions
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Persuasion
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a deliberate attempt to influence another’s attitudes and behavior through communication
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Foot-in-the-door technique
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(think of UP Russel trying to help Mr.
Fredrickson at the beginning with his foot in the door) tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply later with a larger one |
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Conformity
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giving into pressures of others even though we think or feel differently
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Asch’s study
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Solomon Asch researcher’s method: confederates were
people in the research group who know what’s going on. He tested to see how many people would answer wrong after hearing others answer wrong even if they knew they were wrong. Results: people would follow confederates and 2/3 conformed |
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We will conform when
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faced with unanimous group, when feeling insecure or incompetent, when being observed by others, social comparison theory
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Obedience
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complying with directions of a recognized authority even though you think or feel differently
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Milgram’s study
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Stanley influenced Psychology in a big way, made code
of ethics for Psych studies. Interested in Nazi soldiers. Thought Germans were raised differently and Americans would never do what they did. Shock test with wrong answer and authority figure telling them to do it. Results: Not German upbringing, nearly 70% of people willing to shock somebody at maximum level. (Participant getting shocked was an actor, not really getting shocked) |
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When we’ll obey
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Authority is legitimate and present, authority has
backing of a powerful institution, victim is at a distance or depersonalized, no disobeying role models are present |
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Group influence
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how the mere presence of another individual influences our behaviors
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Social facilitation
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stronger performance in the presence of others
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Social loafing
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diminished effort by those submerged in a group. Tug-of-
war: research study…opponent was a machine, blindfolded participants wouldn’t pull as hard if thought was in a group |
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Bystander effect
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any particular bystander was less likely to give aid with
other bystanders present. Kitty Genovese murder – going home and was raped and stabbed, 38 neighbors heard her screams attacker fled and came back stabbed and raped her again; 20 minutes later someone called |
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Deindividuation
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abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group
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Group polarization
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enhancing the group’s prevailing tendencies
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Groupthink
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harmonious but unrealistic group thinking
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Minority influence
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the power of one or two individuals to sway the
majorities |
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Normative social influence
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influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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Norms
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normality/standard
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Informational social influence
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influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality
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Agression
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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Frustration-aggression principle
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frustration, the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, which can generate aggression
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Altruism
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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Prosocial behavior
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sharing, cooperating and helping
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Social-exchange theory
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theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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Empathy
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understanding, feeling what others are feeling, can relate
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Psychology
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scientific study of behavior and mental process
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Dependent variables
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DV the effect, some type of measurement
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Independent variables
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IV, the cause, reason doing study, manipulation/special treatment
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Statistical significance
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want value less than 5 times out of 100. p<.05 this means study caused it if not then just luck. AND p<.01
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Theory
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organized and explained information that is obtained through research. Based on this information we can predict future events
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Development
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growing, changing, and progressing. Changes in behavior and thought that create and maintain mature competencies
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Biopsychology
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concerned with the links of biology and behavior
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Sensation
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process by which stimuli are detected as sights, sounds, smells, tastes or touches
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Perception
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process by which we interpret and give meaning to sensations
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Learning
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is a permanent change in behavior or capability that results from experience
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Memory
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ability to recognize, recall, or relearn previously practiced behavior or knowledge
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Cognition
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mental activity associated with processing, understanding and communicating information
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Intelligence
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is the capacity for goal directed adaptive behavior that successfully meets challenges and achieves its aims and involves the ability to profit from the experience, solve problems and reason
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Consciousness
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our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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Personality
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is an individual’s relatively distinctive and consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
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Psychotherapy
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systematic interaction between therapist and client uses psych principles to influence thoughts, feelings or behavior, helps overcome psych disorders, adjust living problems, or develop as individuals
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Psychological disorder
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must be judged as Atypical: not typical for society. Disturbing: others noticing it. Maladaptive: causing personal distress. Unjustifiable: no explanation why doing it
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