General Principles Of Pharmacology

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drug

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chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease

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pharmacology

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the study of drugs and their interactions with the body

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Drug names (4)

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Chemical name
Generic name
Official name
Brand name

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assay

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test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory

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bioequivalence

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relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs

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bioassay

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test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model

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Six Rights of Medication Administration

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Right medication
Right dose
Right time
Right route
Right patient
Right documentation

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dose packaging

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medication packages contain a single dose for a single patient

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teratogenic drug

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medication that may deform or kill the fetus

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free drug availability

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proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects

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pharmacokinetics

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how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (biotransformed), and excreted; how drugs are transported into and out of the body.

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pharmacodynamics

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how a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects

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active transport

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requires the use of energy to move a substance

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carrier-mediated diffusion or facilitated diffusion

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process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane

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passive transport

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movement of a sustance without the use of energy

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diffusion

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movement of solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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osmosis

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movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. The diffusion of solvent from an area of high solvent concentratino to an area of low solvent concentration.

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filtration

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movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressuer

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Pharmacokinetic Processes

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Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Elimination

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ionize

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to become electrically charged or polar

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bioavailability

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amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue

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blood-brain barrier

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tight junctinos of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-preotein-bound, highly lipid-soluble drugs can pass

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placental barrier

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biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules

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metabolism

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the body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals

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biotransformation

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special name given to the metabolism of drugs

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prodrug (parent drug)

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medicatino that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformatino converts it into active metabolites

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first-pass effect

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the liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation

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oxidation

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the loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) on the molecule.

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hydrolysis

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the breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorporating a hydroxyl group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion into the other

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Drug Routes

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Enteral
Parenteral

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enteral route

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delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract

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parenteral route

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delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointestinal tract, typically using needles to inject medications into the circulatory system or tissues

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Types of Drug Actions (4)

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Binding to a receptor site
Changing the physical properties of cells
Chemically combining with other chemicals
Altering a normal metabolic pathway

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receptor

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specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect

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affinity

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force of attraction between a drug and a receptor

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efficacy

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a drug's ability to cause the expected response

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second messenger

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chemical that participates in complex cascading reactinos that eventually cause a drug's desired effect

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down-regulation

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binding of adrug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease

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up-regulation

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a drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal

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agonist

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drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response