General Pharmacology Info

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regimen includes

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route of administration
dosage
frequency
duration

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adverse drug reaction

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undesireable response to a drug by a patient

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agonist

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drug that brings about a sepcific action by binding with the apropriate receptor

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antagonist

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drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor

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compounding

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manipulation to produce a dosage-form drug other than that manipulation provided for in directions for use on the labeling of the approved product

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efficacy

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extent to which a drug causes the intended effect in a patient

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extralabel use

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use of a drug that is not specifically called for on the FDA approved label

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half-life

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amount of time that it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50%

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manufacturing

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bulk production of drugs for resale outside of the vveterinary-client-patient relationship

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metabolism (biotransformation)

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biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body

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parenteral

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route of administration for injectible drugs

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partition coefficient

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ratio of solubility of substances between two states in which they may be found

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prescription drug (legend)

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drug that is limited to use under supervision of a vet because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations
legend designating a prescription states: "caution: federal law restricts this rug to use by or on the order of a lisenced veterinarian."

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residue

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amount of a drug still present in animal tissue or produccts at a particular point

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withdrawl time

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amount of time that it takes for a drug to be eliminated form animal tissue or products after stopping its use

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technician responsibilities in carrying out drug orders

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make sure correct drug is being administrated
administer drug by correct route and at correct time
observe animal's response carefully
question medication orders that are not clear
creat and affix labels accurately to containers
explain administration instruction to clients
record appropriate information in the medical record

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primary factors that influence blood concentration levels of a drug and patient's reponse

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rate of absorption
amount of drug absorbed
distribution of drug throughout the body
drug metabolism or biotransformation
rate and route of excretion

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route of administration is influenced by several factors

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pharmaceutic form of drug available
physical or chemical properties of the drug
how quickly the onset of action should occur
restraint or behavioral characteristics of the patient
nature of the condition being ttreated

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10 parental routes

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intravenous
intramuscular
subcutaneous
intradermal
intraperitoneal
intraarterial
intraarticular
intracardiac
intramedullary
epidural/subdural

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factors that affect the absorption process

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mechanism of absorption
ph and ionization status
absorptive surface area
bloody supply to area
solubility
dosage form
status of the GI tract
interaction with other medications

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drug distribution

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process by which a drug is carried from its site of absorption to its site of action
drug moves from absorption site into plasma, out of plasma into interstitial fluid, from interstitial fluid into the cells where they combine with cellular receptors to create an action

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four chemical reactions induced by microsomal enzymes in the liver to biotransform drugs

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oxidation-loss of electrons
reduction-gain of electrons
hydrolysis-splitting of drug molecule with addition of water
conjugation-addition of glucuronic acid making it more water soluble

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the kidneys excrete drugs by two principal mechanisms

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glomerular filtration-glomerulus filters metabolites out of blood into glomerular filtrate and eliminate as urine
tubular secretion-kidney tubules secrete metabolites out of capillaries surrounding tubule and into glomerular filtrate which becomes urine

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reasons residues are potentially dangerous

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people may be allergicc to the drug
prolonged exposure to antibiotic residues can result in resistant strains of bacteria
residue of some ddrugs may cause cancer in humans

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pharmacodynamics

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sutdy of mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body

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affinity

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tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor

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therapeutic index

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relationships between a drug's ability to acheive the desired effect compared with its tendency to produce toxic effects
expressed as LD50:ED50
the larger the number the greater the safety

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pharmacokinetic drug interaction

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plasma or tissue levels of a drug are altered by the presence of another

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pharmacodynamic drug interaction

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action or effect on one drug is altered by another

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pharmaceutic drug interaction

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physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing drugs in a syring or other container

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FDA requires that the drug container labels list the following items

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drug names (generic and trade)
concentration and quantity
name and address of manufacturer
controlled substance status
control or lot number
expiration date

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3 agencies that regulate animal health products

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FDA
EPA
USDA

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Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD)

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repository of residue avoidance information and educational material

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green book

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list of all animal drug products that have been approved by the FDA for safety and effectiveness

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animal medical drug use clarification act (AMDUCA)

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legislation that made extralabel use of approved veterinary drugs legal under certain well-define conditions