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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pharmacology |
the science that deals with the study of the action of drugs on a living system |
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drug |
a substance used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease |
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indications |
reasons to give a drug |
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contraindications |
reasons for not using drugs |
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pharmacotherapeutics |
indications and contraindications together |
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pharmacokinetics |
what happens to the drug once it enters the body |
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pharmacodynamics |
how the drug exerts its effect within the body |
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toxicity |
how adverse drug reactions manifest themselves |
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client-patient-veterinary relationship |
the set of circumstances that must exist between the vet, the client, and the patient before dispensing prescription drugs is appropriate |
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pharmacy |
the location where drugs are stored and dispensed |
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Drug interaction |
Altered pharmacologic response to a drug cause by the presence of another drug |
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FARAD stands for: |
Food animal residue avoidance databank |
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FARAD stands for: |
Food animal residue avoidance databank |
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FARAD is responsible for: |
-a project sponsored by the USDA whose goal is to produce "safe foods of animal origin" |
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FARAD stands for: |
Food animal residue avoidance databank |
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FARAD is responsible for: |
-a project sponsored by the USDA whose goal is to produce "safe foods of animal origin" |
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FARAD |
-food anima residue avoidance database -a project sponsored by the USDA whose goal is to produce "safe food of animal origin" |
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EPA stands for |
Environmental protection agency |
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EPA stands for |
Environmental protection agency |
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EPA regulates |
The development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives |
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EPA stands for |
Environmental protection agency |
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EPA regulates |
The development and approval of animal topical pesticides |
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EPA |
-environmental protection agency -regulates the development and approval of animal topical pesticides |
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FDA stands for |
Food and drug administration |
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FDA regulates |
The development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives |
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FDA |
-food and drug administration -regulates the development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives |
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USDA stands for |
United States department of agriculture |
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USDA regulates |
The development and approval of biologics (vaccines, serums, antitoxins, etc.) |
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USDA |
-United States department of agriculture -regulates development and approval of biologics (vaccines, serums, antitoxins, etc.) |
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Idiosyncratic reaction |
-an unusual or unexpected drug reaction |
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The 6 rights of drug administration |
1) right patient 2) right drug 3) right dose 4) right route 5) right time and frequency 6) right documentation |
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ED50 |
-ED = effective dose -the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals in dose-related trials -OR the dose that produces approximately 1/2 of the effect wanted in a given patient |
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LD50 |
-LD = lethal dose -the dose of a drug that is lethal to 50% of the animals in a dose-related trial -OR 50% chance the dose will kill the patient |
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Therapeutic Index |
-the relationship between a drug's ability to produce a desired effect vs. a toxic effect -expressed as LD50/ED50 -the higher the # produced by dividing these 2 #s, the highers the margin of safety (the safer it is to administer the drug) |
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Margin of Safety |
-qualified by a drug's therapeutic index -the therapeutic index is expressed as LD50/ED50: the higher the number produced by this formula, the higher the margin of safety -the higher the margin of safety the safer it is to administer the drug |
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Efficacy |
degree to which the drug produces the desired effect in a given patient |
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potency |
the amount of drug required to produce desired response |
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antagonist |
-drugs which block an agonist from binding with a receptor -drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them |
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agonists |
-drugs that occupy receptors and activate them |
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half-life |
-the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by 50% |
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withdrawal time |
-length of time it takes for drug levels to drop below maximum residual levels in food animals |
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residue |
-drugs may not be completely excerted by the body and may be stored in fat or other tissues |
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partition coefficient |
-the lipid solubility of a drug |
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ruminant |
-animals with a 4-chambered stomach |
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monogastric |
-animal with a single chambered stomach |
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pharmacodynamics |
-the study fo the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body |
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emulsions |
-medical agents that consist of oil and water |
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elixir |
-liquid medication containing alcohol |
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syrup |
-liquid medication containing sugar |
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solution |
-a mixture of 2 substances not chemically combined with each other |
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suspension |
-solid particles dispersed in a liquid but not dissolved in it |
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first pass effect |
-drug administered orally are absorbed into portal circulation and first metabolized by the liver before being pumped into general circulation |
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bioavailability |
-degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the general circulaiton |
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parenteral |
-technically refers to any non-oral administration of medication but is generally used to describe injectable methods |
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adverse drug reactions |
-undesirable response to a drug |
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over the counter |
-drugs which are available without a prescription -these drugs do not have enough potential to be toxic and do not require administration in special ways and therefore do not require the supervision of a veterinarian |
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pharmacokinetics |
-what happens to the drug once it enters the body |
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extra label use |
-using a drug in ways not indicated by the label (and therefore not approved by the FDA) |
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controlled substance |
DEA regulated drugs that have the potential for abuse or dependence |
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legend (prescription) drug |
-FDA regulated -a statement which indicates prescription status of a drug -"Caution: federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian" |
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what does a regimen entail? |
-the route of administration -the total amount to be given -how often the drug is to be given -how long the drug will be given
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what are some parameters/rules of the veterinary-client-patient relationship? |
-the patient must have been seen by the veterinarian within the last year |
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name indications |
-patient's symptoms -clinician's experience -client expectations -therapeutic trial |
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name contraindications |
-patient's underlying health status -clinical ability -cost -administrative difficulties |
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regimen |
-a plan/program for administering a drug |
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technician's responsibilities for administering drug |
-correct drug -correct route, at the correct time -observation of patient response -ask questions if unclear about any of the above -correct labeling of medication -explanation of administration to client -recording information in the medical record -observation of patient response is critical |
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sequence of events that occur after the drug is administered include: |
-absorption into the blood stream -distribution (delivery to site of action) -metabolism (breaking down chemically) -excretion (removal from the body) |
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loading dose |
-higher initial dose to rapidly reach therapeutic levels -when an appropriate blood level is reached the dose is reduced to a lower amount to replace the amount of the drug lost through elimination |
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therapeutic drug monitoring |
-measuring drug levels in the body fluids (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.) to ensure a steady state is maintained |
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factors that influence blood concentrations levels and a patient's reponse include: |
-rate of drug absorption -amount of drug absorbed -distribution of the drug throughout the body -drug metabolism or transformation -rate and route of excretion |
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which method of drug administration has the most rapid onset but the shortest duration? |
IV injection |
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name the sites for IV injections for dogs and cats |
-peripheral veins -cephalic -lateral saphenous |
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sites of IV injection in rabbits and pigs |
-ear veins |
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sites of IV injection in horse and cows |
jugular vein |
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sites of IM injections for small animals |
-biceps, quadriceps -hamstrings, lumbar |
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sites of IM injections for large animals |
-cervical, gluteal |
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the triangle on horses' necks used for IM injections |
viborg's triangle |
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affinity |
-the tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor -the degree of affinity determines efficacy |
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The 3 methods a doctor uses to choose the appropriate drug |
-diagnostic (cultures) -empirical (experience and common sense) -symptomatic (v & d) |
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factors that influence blood concentration and patientr response to a drug |
-rate of absorption -amount of drug absorbed -distribution of drug throughout body -drug metabolism or biotransformation -rate and route of excretion |
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how the route of drug administration is chosen |
-available forms of drug -physical or chemical properties of drug -desired onset of action -behavior of patient -nature of condition being treated |
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cons of oral administration of drugs |
-factors which influence absorption rate (full or empty stomach, type of digestive system, concurrent inflammation of GI tract [GI tract]) -acid stability vs. lability -bioavailability -1st pass effect |
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site of IM injections on cattle |
virchow's triad |
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vaporized |
a drug that's been made into a gas |
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nebulized |
creating a fine liquid/mist of a drug that is inhaled |
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in order name the methods of drug administration that have the fastest absorption and the shortest duration in the system |
-IV -IM -SQ -oral |
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depo |
long lasting |
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spansule |
oral medication with extended, long-lasting release |
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factors that influence absoprtion |
-mechanism of absorption -pH and ionization of status of drug -absorptive surface area (small intestine) -blood supply -solubility of drug -dosage form -GI tract status -interactions with other medications |
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types of passive absoprtion |
-diffusion -mediator assisted diffusion |
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types of active transport |
-pinocytosis -endocytosis |
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distribution |
-process by which the drug is carried from the site of absorption to the site of action -blood is the vehicle for distribution within the body -plasma is the carrying agent |
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rate of movement of a drug in the body is influenced by |
-concentration gradient -protein binding -lipid solubility -ionization status |
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how drugs move in between the tissues within the body |
-from site of administration into the plasma of the blood stream -out of the plasma into the interstitial fluid surrounding cells -from the interstitial fluid into cells where they have their action -equilibrium is establish between these 3 spaces -then the drug begins to move back into the blood stream from the tissue |
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structures within the body that resist the distribution of drugs |
-placenta -brain-blood barrier -eye -prostate |
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disease processes which may affect drug distribution |
-inflammation/swelling (abcesses) -poor perfusion (cardiac failure, shock) -kidney failure (changes in plasma binding) -liver failure (reduced protein available for binding) |
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what is the organ of biotransformation |
the liver |
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biotransformation |
-metabolism -defined as the body's ability to change a drug from its administered form to one that may be excreted from the body |
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the 4 processes of biotransformation |
-oxidation -reduction -hydrolysis -conjugation |
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what is the goal of transformation |
to increase water solubility to increase excretion |
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oxidation |
loss of electrons |
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reduction |
gain electrons |
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conjugation |
adding of glucuronic acid, making it more water soluble |
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excretion |
elimination of a drug from the body |
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generally how is a medication most often excreted through the body |
usually by the kidney through the urine |
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other paths of excretion |
-main path: kidney through urine -liver (bile) -mammary glands -lungs -sweat glands -skin -salivary glands |
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the 2 ways the kidney excretes waste |
-glomerular filtration -tubular secretion |
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how the liver excretes drugs |
-passes metabolites back into the small intestine where they may be passed from the body or undergo entero-hepatic cycling |
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receptors |
-location where the drug binds to create an action -may be on the cell membrane or in the interior of the cell |
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partial agonist |
-lower level of affinity |
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pharmaceutics |
chemical reactions occurring due to mixing prior to administration |
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ways in which drugs are named |
-chemical -code or lab name -compendial US pharmacopeia -official -proprietary or trade -generic |
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the chemical name of the drug |
the molecular structure |
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the code or the lab name of a drug |
is used in reasearch |
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the compendial US pharmacopeia name of a drug |
is used for standards for quality |
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the official name of the drug |
is the same as the compendial name or the generic name |
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the proprietary or trade name of the drug |
-is chose by the manufacturing company -is protected by federal trademark and copyright laws -R uppercase proper noun |
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the generic name of a drug |
-chosen by but not owned by the company -common name, lower case -may be the same as official or comendial name |
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according for to the center for veterinary medicine of the FDA what must be on drug labels? |
-drug name (trade and generic) -concentration and quantity -name and address of manufacturer -controlled substance status -manufacturer lot # -expiration date -instructions for use and possible adverse effects -insert: PDR, formulary, online |
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national drug code |
-10 digit number -bar code for pharamceuticals intended for human use -closely related to the UPC found on most products |
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basic outline of new drug approval processes |
-prelim trials -preclinical (animal safety) trials -clinical trials -green book (list of all animal drugs products approved by the FDA) |
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prescribing vs. dispensing |
-prescribing = written prescription -dispensing - the actual selling of the product |
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conditions which legislation permits compounding |
-identification of legitimate veterinary need -need for an appropriate regimen for a particular species, size, gender, medical condition -lack of an approved animal or human drug that when used as labeled would treat the condition -too long a time interval for securing the drug from a compounder to treat the condition |
