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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hypertrophy
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Cells get larger in response to increased demand. Resulting nucleus can be 2-8N, heart weight can double. Heart response to systemic hypertension.
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Hyperplasia
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More cells! Cells proliferate. Can be good in case of breast growth at puberty or liver regenerating.
Pathilogic hyperplasia = endometrial hyperplasia in uterus as response to too much estrogen. |
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Atrophy
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cells get smaller & do less work. Have fewer nutrients. Example: immobilization of muscle cells in a cast. Can include autophagy.
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Autophagy
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May accompany atrophy. Cells degrade their own proteins to use as nutrients.
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Metaplasia
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Cells adapt by becoming a different type. Ex: injury to bronchial epithelium due to smoking. Cells go from columnar ciliated to stratified squamous.
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What are the two kinds of reversible cell injury?
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Fatty change (steatosis) and cloudy swelling (hydropic degeneration)
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What happens in cloudy swelling (hydropic degeneration)?
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-low ATP (due to mitochondrial damage) could cause Na/K pump not to run... Na & water are high in cell.
or - Damage to the Na/K pump itself causes gradient problem. or - Damage to cell membrane. Look for swolen mitochondria/ER, increased cell size and vacuolated cytoplasm. |
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what happens in fatty change (steatosis)?
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triglicerides accumulate in cells, but normal function is maintained.
Causes: 1. obesity 2. Chemicals cause decreased secretion of lipoproteins... alcohol, toxins, malnutrition (since proteins needed for tri gliceride export). 3. Decreased catabolism of free fatty acids by mitochondria (drugs, anoxia, pregnancy). |
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what are the morphologic responses to irreversible cell injury?
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1. cell death
2. ultrastructural changes 3. light microscopic changes 4. gross morphologic changes time delay means that by the time you can see results of cell death in microscope after heart attack, it's 12 hours later. |
