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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Normal flora of cutaneous surfaces
Staph epidirmidis, staph aureus, strep
Normal flora of the nose
Staph aureus
Normal flora of the oropharynx
Viridans strep, strep mutans, nonpathogenic Neisseria, nontypable H. influenzae
Colon normal flora
anaerobic bacteroides, gram- anaerobic rods
Normal flora of the vagina
Lactobacillus
Encapsulated bacteria
Strep pneumonia, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, Neisseria menigitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans. "Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules"
Teichoic acids
Adherence and pathogenicity factor of gram positive bacteria
Pili/fimbriae
Adherence and antiphagocytic component of gram negative bacteria (specially N. gonorrehae)
M protein
Strep pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic) antiphagocytic surface component
A protein
Staph aureus virulence factor binds Fc portion if IgG and inhibits opsonizationand phagocytosis
IgA protease
Destructs mucosal IgA. Produced by Neisseria, Haemophilus, S. Pneumoniae
LPS
Gram negative membrane component endotixin. Heat-stable, not immunogenic. Lipid A is toxi component.
MOA LPS
LPS activates macrophages with release of TNF-α, IL-1 (fever), IL-6, nitric oxide with tissue damage. Damage endothelium releases bradykinin which causes vasodilation and shock. Hageman facctor activates coagulation cascade in DIC. Activates complement C3a (hypotension, edema) and C5a (neutrophil chemotaxis).
Define: superantigen
Crosslinks MHC-II and T-cell receptor simultanously and non-specifically which leads to polyclonal activation of T-cells with massive release of IFN-γ which activates macrophages to release IL-1 and IL-6 and an exagerated reaction
Diptheria toxin
C. diptheriae. ADP ribosylation and inactivation of EF-2 inibits eukaryotic protein synthesis in throat epithelium, heart, nerves. Causes pharyngitis with a pseudomembrane in throat
Exotoxin A
Pseudomonas. ADP ribosylation and inactivation of EF-2 inibits eukaryotic protein synthesis mainly in hepatocytes
Shiga toxin
Shigella. Cleaves 60S ribosomal subunit, inhibits protein synthesis
Verotoxin
E.coli O157. Cleaves 60S ribosomal subunit, inhibits protein synthesis. Causes HUS
Tetanus toxin
C. tetani. Blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. Lockjaw, muscle spasms
Botulinum toxin
C. botulinum. Blocks release of Ach causing anticholinerginc symptoms, flaxid paralysis. Spores found in honey.
TSST-1
Staph aureus superantigen causes toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, shock)
Enterotoxin
Staph aureus. Food poisoning 2-6 hours after ingestion of mustards.
Strep exotoxin A
Erythrogenic toxin. Causes toxic shock-like syndrome (fever, rash, shock) and cardiotoxicity
Heat labile toxin
Enterotoxigenic E. coli. Stimulates Adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation, increases cAMP. Secretory watery "traveler's" diarrhea. "Labile like the Air, stable like the Ground"
Heat stable toxin
Enterotoxigenic E. coli. Stimulates Guanylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation increases cAMP. Secretory watery diarrhea. "Labile like the Air, stable like the Ground"
Cholera toxin
Vibrio cholera. ADP ribosylateion of Gs stimulates andenylate cyclase and cAMP increasing Cl- secretion and decreasing Na+ reabsorption in the intestines. Causes profuse "rice water" diarrhea.
Anthrax toxin
Bacillus anthracis. EF component is an adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP. Causes edema and cell lysis
Pertussis toxin
Bordetella pertussis/ ADP ribosylates Gi, the negative inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP. Whooping cough, lymphocytosis, hypoglycemia
Perfringens α-toxin
C. Perfringens. Lecithinase causes myonecrosis and gas gangrene. Double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
Gram positive cell envelope components
Capsule; thick peptidoglycan cell wall gives rigid support and protects from osmotic damage; teichoic acids; cytoplasmic inner membrane
Gram negative cell envelope components
Capsule; Outer membrane contains LPS/lipid A; thin prptidoglycan cell wall; periplasmic space contains β-lactamases; inner cell membrane
Describe the Gram stain
Crystal violet and Gram's iodine stain dark blue; acetone washes it off from gram negatives; safranin stains gram negatives red
Describe Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain
Carbol fuchsin with heat stains red; acid alcohol washes it off from non-acid fast; methylene blue stains non-acid fast blue
Culture media: Corynebacterium
Loffler's, tellurite
Culture media: lactose-fermenting enterobacteria
Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar. "Lactose is the Key"
Culture media: vibrio cholerae
Alkaline TCBS
Culture media: legionella
Charcoal-yeast extract with cysteine
Culture media: Mycobacterium
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
Culture media: Neisseria and Haemophilus
Chocolate agar with factors V and X
Culture media: Neisseria from sites with normal flora
Thayer-Martin selective medium
Obligate aerobes
Nocardia, Pseudomona, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus. "Nagging Pests Must Breathe"
Obligate anaerobes
Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium. "Anaerobes know their ABCs"
Intracellular pathogens
Rickettsia, chlamydia
Urease-positive bugs
H. pylori, proteus, klbsiella, ureaplasma