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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Normal flora of cutaneous surfaces
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Staph epidirmidis, staph aureus, strep
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Normal flora of the nose
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Staph aureus
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Normal flora of the oropharynx
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Viridans strep, strep mutans, nonpathogenic Neisseria, nontypable H. influenzae
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Colon normal flora
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anaerobic bacteroides, gram- anaerobic rods
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Normal flora of the vagina
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Lactobacillus
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Encapsulated bacteria
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Strep pneumonia, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, Neisseria menigitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans. "Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules"
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Teichoic acids
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Adherence and pathogenicity factor of gram positive bacteria
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Pili/fimbriae
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Adherence and antiphagocytic component of gram negative bacteria (specially N. gonorrehae)
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M protein
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Strep pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic) antiphagocytic surface component
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A protein
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Staph aureus virulence factor binds Fc portion if IgG and inhibits opsonizationand phagocytosis
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IgA protease
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Destructs mucosal IgA. Produced by Neisseria, Haemophilus, S. Pneumoniae
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LPS
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Gram negative membrane component endotixin. Heat-stable, not immunogenic. Lipid A is toxi component.
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MOA LPS
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LPS activates macrophages with release of TNF-α, IL-1 (fever), IL-6, nitric oxide with tissue damage. Damage endothelium releases bradykinin which causes vasodilation and shock. Hageman facctor activates coagulation cascade in DIC. Activates complement C3a (hypotension, edema) and C5a (neutrophil chemotaxis).
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Define: superantigen
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Crosslinks MHC-II and T-cell receptor simultanously and non-specifically which leads to polyclonal activation of T-cells with massive release of IFN-γ which activates macrophages to release IL-1 and IL-6 and an exagerated reaction
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Diptheria toxin
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C. diptheriae. ADP ribosylation and inactivation of EF-2 inibits eukaryotic protein synthesis in throat epithelium, heart, nerves. Causes pharyngitis with a pseudomembrane in throat
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Exotoxin A
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Pseudomonas. ADP ribosylation and inactivation of EF-2 inibits eukaryotic protein synthesis mainly in hepatocytes
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Shiga toxin
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Shigella. Cleaves 60S ribosomal subunit, inhibits protein synthesis
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Verotoxin
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E.coli O157. Cleaves 60S ribosomal subunit, inhibits protein synthesis. Causes HUS
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Tetanus toxin
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C. tetani. Blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. Lockjaw, muscle spasms
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Botulinum toxin
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C. botulinum. Blocks release of Ach causing anticholinerginc symptoms, flaxid paralysis. Spores found in honey.
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TSST-1
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Staph aureus superantigen causes toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, shock)
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Enterotoxin
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Staph aureus. Food poisoning 2-6 hours after ingestion of mustards.
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Strep exotoxin A
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Erythrogenic toxin. Causes toxic shock-like syndrome (fever, rash, shock) and cardiotoxicity
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Heat labile toxin
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli. Stimulates Adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation, increases cAMP. Secretory watery "traveler's" diarrhea. "Labile like the Air, stable like the Ground"
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Heat stable toxin
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli. Stimulates Guanylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation increases cAMP. Secretory watery diarrhea. "Labile like the Air, stable like the Ground"
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Cholera toxin
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Vibrio cholera. ADP ribosylateion of Gs stimulates andenylate cyclase and cAMP increasing Cl- secretion and decreasing Na+ reabsorption in the intestines. Causes profuse "rice water" diarrhea.
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Anthrax toxin
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Bacillus anthracis. EF component is an adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP. Causes edema and cell lysis
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Pertussis toxin
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Bordetella pertussis/ ADP ribosylates Gi, the negative inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP. Whooping cough, lymphocytosis, hypoglycemia
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Perfringens α-toxin
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C. Perfringens. Lecithinase causes myonecrosis and gas gangrene. Double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
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Gram positive cell envelope components
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Capsule; thick peptidoglycan cell wall gives rigid support and protects from osmotic damage; teichoic acids; cytoplasmic inner membrane
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Gram negative cell envelope components
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Capsule; Outer membrane contains LPS/lipid A; thin prptidoglycan cell wall; periplasmic space contains β-lactamases; inner cell membrane
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Describe the Gram stain
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Crystal violet and Gram's iodine stain dark blue; acetone washes it off from gram negatives; safranin stains gram negatives red
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Describe Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain
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Carbol fuchsin with heat stains red; acid alcohol washes it off from non-acid fast; methylene blue stains non-acid fast blue
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Culture media: Corynebacterium
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Loffler's, tellurite
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Culture media: lactose-fermenting enterobacteria
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Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar. "Lactose is the Key"
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Culture media: vibrio cholerae
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Alkaline TCBS
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Culture media: legionella
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Charcoal-yeast extract with cysteine
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Culture media: Mycobacterium
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Lowenstein-Jensen medium
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Culture media: Neisseria and Haemophilus
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Chocolate agar with factors V and X
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Culture media: Neisseria from sites with normal flora
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Thayer-Martin selective medium
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Obligate aerobes
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Nocardia, Pseudomona, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus. "Nagging Pests Must Breathe"
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Obligate anaerobes
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Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium. "Anaerobes know their ABCs"
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Intracellular pathogens
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Rickettsia, chlamydia
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Urease-positive bugs
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H. pylori, proteus, klbsiella, ureaplasma
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