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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Treatment of Carcinoid tumors
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A. General: high niacin and high protein diet; avoid stress, alcohol and sympathomimetics
B. Etiological: 1. Surgical: debulking, Ligation, Embolisation 2. Chemotherapy: Streptozotocin, 5-FU, MTX, CPM, IFN C. Symptomatic: 1. Flushing: Sandostatin, H1 and H2 blockers, IFN, Phenoxybenzamine 2. Asthma: Methylxanthines, not beta2 agonists 3. Diarrhea: Cholestyramine, Loperamide, Antispasmodics, Sandostatin |
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Gastroenteritis viruses
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1. in young children (high fever and pronounced vomiting and diarrhea):
- Astroviruses - Rotaviruses - Adenovirus 2. Older children and adults (slight fever and mild or absent diarrhea): - Norwalk agent Caliciviruses - Picornaviruse - Echoviruses - Coronaviurses |
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Systemic Diseases affecting the GIT:
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1. Systemic vasculitis
2. Seronegative spondyloarthropathies 3. SLE 4. Scleroderma 5. Reactive arthritis |
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Clinical picture of Celiac disease
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malabsorption
general malaise stomatitis and mouth ulcers |
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complications of celiac disease
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Malnutrition: peripheral edema
Electrolyte disturbance: tetany Neurologic: weakness, paraesthesia, peripheral neuropathy Malignancy: Carcinoma of the GIT and extra-GIT, lymphoma Osteomalacia |
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associations of celiac disease
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chronic liver disease
autoimmune disease fibrosing allergic alveolitis atopy |
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Agranulocytosis: Drugs
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CVS: captopril, quinidine, aprindine
Anti-inflammatory: gold, indomethacin, NSAIDs Thionamides Antibacterial agents: CPM, cotrimoxazole, sulfonamides NS: phenothiazines, tricyclics, carbamazepine Cytotoxics Hypoglycemic agents: tolbutamide |
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Aplastic anemia: drugs
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Carbamazepine
phenytoin mephenytoin gold zidovudine mepacrine sulfonamides chloramphenicol cytotoxics |
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celiac disease: treatment
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1. GIT end of spectrum: subtotal villous atrophy
gluten free diet (few are responsive) 2. Skin end of spectrum: dermatitis herpetiformis dapson gluten free diet |
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Aplastic anemia: drugs
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Carbamazepine
phenytoin mephenytoin gold zidovudine mepacrine sulfonamides chloramphenicol cytotoxics |
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Aplastic anemia: drugs
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Carbamazepine
phenytoin mephenytoin gold zidovudine mepacrine sulfonamides chloramphenicol cytotoxics |
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what is Menetrier's disease?
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Hypertrophic gastritis
A protein losing enteropathy resulting in hypoalbuminemia males>females ~40 years of age rare unknown etiology Hypertrophied: - mucosal folds - mucous glands - muscularis mucosa Increased mucous secretion and decreased acid secretion |
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Hyperuricemia: etiology
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• Gout
• Hematologic diseases • RF • Drugs • HT • Obesity • Psoraisis • DKA • LA • Lead poisoning • Paget's disease • Sarcoidosis • Down's syndrome |
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Hyperuricemia: hematologic causes
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Myeloproliferative disorders
Hemoglobinopathies Hemolytic anemia Lymphoma |
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Hypouricemia: etiology
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Idiopathic
Liver disease Malignancy Drugs DM SIADH Post-operative Heavy metal poisoning Metabolic: Fanconi's syndrome Wilson's disease Cystinosis Hereditary fructose intolerance Galactosemia GSD-I AIP Pernicious anemia |
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Diphtheria: complications
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Neurologic: acute paralysis
CVS: CHF, Heart block Laryngeal: stridor, total airway obstruction |
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Hyperproteinemai due to polyclonal gammopathy: etiology
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Collagen disease: SLE, RA, Scleroderma
Chronic infections Chronic liver diseases Sarcoidosis Lymphoma Acute leukemia DM Idiopathic |
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Monoclonal gammopathies
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Classic
Bence-Jones gammopathy IgG, A, M, E, D gammopathy Idiopathic |
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Pulmonary infilterates: types
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1. ALVEOLAR:
fluffy poorly defined borders affects segments or entire lobes usually acute but may be chronic et: sarcoidosis DIP Cancer 2. INTERSTITIAL: linear to nodular often chronic et: granulomatous diseases collagen diseases Hamman-Rich syndrome eosinophilic granuloma fibrosis 3. MIXED |
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Amiodarone: CIs
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cardiomyopathy
shock severe hypotension thyroid disease heart failure respiratory failure pregnancy or lactation sinus disease or severe bradycardia |
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Chronic hepatitis: etiology
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genetic
metabolic diseaes viral autoimmune NASH drugs toxins |
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Pheochromocytoma: factors precipitating attacks
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Postural change
beta agonists emotional trauma micturation palpation of the tumour anaesthesia |
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Nephritic syndrome with low complement
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Mempranoproliferative GN I & II
Subacute bacterial endocarditis SLE Visceral abscess Shunt nephritis Acute post-infective GN Cryoglobulinemia |
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Nephritic syndrome with normal complement
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Idiopathic RPGN
Idiopathic anti-GBM disease Vasculitis: PAN Wegener's granulomatosis Henoch-Schoenlein purpura Goodpasture's syndrome IgA nephropathy |
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Plasma cell dyscrasias: associations
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1. MALIGNANT:
Multiple myeloma primay systemic amyloidosis Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia heavy chain disease 2. BENIGN: healthy lymphomas and non-lymphomatous malignancies chronic infections liver disease hyperthyroidism pernicious anemia myasthenia gravis |
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beta cell apoptosis: etiology
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hyperglycemia
dyslipidemia cytokines hormones: leptin immunologic injury drugs |
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TNF-alpha inhibitors
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TNF-a receptor antagonists:
TNF-a speicific monoclonal antibodies: infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, gulimumab TNF-a receptor/Fc fusion proteins: etanercept Others: xanthine derivatives as pentoxifylline Bupropion 5-HT2A agonist hallucinogens including (R)-DOI, TCB-2, LSD and LA-SS-Az |
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Cetuximab
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EGFR specific monoclonal antibody
SCC |
