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393 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Late Shogunate reforms
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Tempō Reforms
|
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Western learning
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Rangaku
|
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Origin of Japanese imperial thought
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Neo-Confucian Sung China
|
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Closed state
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Sakoku
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Felt Japanese copper was over-priced
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British officials in Bengal
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sent to Edo Bay in 1853
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Commodore Matthew C Perry
|
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Two ports opened by Perry in 1853
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Shimoda
Hakodate |
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They urged far-reaching changes to Japanese society
|
Hayashi Shihei
Honda Toshiaki |
|
He envisioned a new kind of patriotism as a response to Perry
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o Sakuma Shōzan
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He called for a positive campaign of national defence to unite the Japanese
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o Tokugawa Nariaki
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“Our first priority is to save our world: if we are forced to permit trade for now… at a later time we will be able to redeem our honour”
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Sugita Gempaku
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new American consul-general at Shimoda
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Townsend Harris
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he feared that the Harris Treaty would “disturb the ideas of our people and make it impossible to preserve lasting tranquillity”
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Emperor Kōmei
|
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Three Japanese xperiments in industrial skills took place after first contact
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Iron-founding.
Cannon manufacture. Western ships. |
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Five points of the Harris Treaty
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Opening additional ports.
Permitting trade in further cities. Sending American diplomats to Edo. Decreasing tariffs. Submitting Americans to US extraterritorial law. |
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Harris Treaty was a model for four other powers
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Russia.
Britain. Holland. France. |
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He let it be known that he disapproved of the treaties
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Emperor Kōmei
|
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The chief minister of the Shogunate assassinated outside Edo Castle
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Ii Naosuke
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the shishi as a mixture of lesser samurai, rich farmers, and merchants with ideas above their station
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WG Beasley
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Five han most strongly-associated with loyalism
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o Chōshū, Mito, Saga, Tosa, and Satsuma
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The proximity of this clan to the port of .... brought it exposure to western ideas and technology.
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Saga
Nagasaki |
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London Protocol
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The opening of further ports and cities was delayed, at the price of reduced import duties and class restrictions
|
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A party of foreigners fell foul of this Satsuma lord's escort during a diplomatic mission.
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Shimazu Hisamitsu
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British engaged the Satsuma and destroyed a good part of this city, leading to the 1863 indemnity
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Kagoshima
|
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popular agrarian, anti-feudal sentiments were the key historical ingredient
|
o Shibahara Takuji
|
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Meiji was a political revolution
|
Theda Skocpol
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political manoeuvrings with wider, revolutionary ramifications
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Marius Jansen
|
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Calling Meiji anything other than a revolution does not do it justice
|
Alistair D Swale
|
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Emphasised the long-term Tokugawa trends that led to Meiji
|
Tokutomi Sohō
|
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Shogunate reforms after Kaikoku
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Bunkyū Reforms
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Word for opening of Japan
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Kaikoku
|
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He took a humiliating trip to pay homage to the Emperor Kōmei at Kyoto
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Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi
|
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Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi took a humiliating trip to pay homage to WHO WHERE
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Emperor Kōmei at Kyoto
|
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Chōshū closed where, defying the bakufu
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Shimonoseki Straits
|
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Bakufu closed this port as a concession to the anti-foreign movement
|
Yokohama
|
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became Japanese culture heroes
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Peter the Great and George Washington
|
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• Japan was strategically ideal, being between
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San Francisco and Shanghai
|
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• In 1865, who offered to resign
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Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi
|
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This clan started to arm non-samurai classes for the first time, an unprecedented taste of the nation-in-arms
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Chōshū
|
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This clan destroyed itself in civil war
|
Mito
|
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• In 1866, the Shogunate sent troops on a punitive expedition against... and were annihilated
|
Chōshū
|
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1866 convention with whom
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Britain, France, Holland, and the US
|
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Four points of the 1866 convention
|
Only opium was prohibited.
Any Japanese citizen could purchase steamships or sailing boats, but warships had to be sold directly to the government. All classes of Japanese were at liberty to trade with foreigners, and in foreign countries, as well as the open ports. The Japanese could travel abroad with passports. |
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o In 1867, he relinquished the title of shogun, and withdrew to Osaka Castle.
|
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
|
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1867 - how many years of Tokugawa rule came to an end?
|
267
|
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Most loyal Tokugawa domain
|
Aizu
|
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In 1868, combien? powerful feudal lords submitted a joint memorandum to the court
|
six
|
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The French helped build a shipyard, Francophone school and foundry in
|
Yokohama
|
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has seen an ‘industrious revolution’ in the late bakuhan order
|
Hayami Akira
|
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emphasised the native sources of Japanese industrialisation
|
Thomas C Smith
|
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Tokugawa landlords were progressive and innovating investors
|
Ann Waswo
|
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Japanese society had been advancing literacy for centuries, and Japan was essentially a literate society by 1868
|
Ronald Dore
|
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• The initial government that emerged after the Meiji Restoration was known as the
|
hanbatsu – oligarchic clique.
|
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Four main clans in the hanbatsu
|
Satsuma and Chōshū
Tosa and Hizen |
|
• The man most responsible for leading Japan to these reforms was
|
Okubo Toshimichi
|
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Okubo Toshimichi was conservative compared with...his Chōshū colleague
|
Kido Takayoshi
|
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civilisation and enlightenment
|
bummei kaika
|
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o It moved north and claimed the island of
|
Hokkaido
|
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Native people of Hokkaido
|
Ainu
|
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o Japan had to push forth and assert herself
|
Inagaki Manjirō
|
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Japanese province in China
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Fukien Province
|
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Japanese Privy Council President
|
o Itō Hirobumi
|
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Japanese peasant protest site put down by force
|
Wakayama
|
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Competitors called it the sea monster
|
Mitsubishi Company
|
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lectured students in the Tokyo Agricultural College in 1889 as their farewell address
|
Takahashi Korekiyo
|
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textile production was so concentrated, intense, and large-scale that it has been cited as evidence for the rise of Tokugawa manufacturing.
|
north Kantō region
|
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And the pride of her fleet built in
|
Barrow-in-Furness
|
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most daimyo were better off financially, and almost as powerful under the new order
|
Stephen Vlastos
|
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Japanese province whose peasants actually received the promise tax cuts
|
Aizu
|
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Japanese samurai rebel leader
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• Saigō Takamori
|
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Such as the sinking of the ...in 1886
|
Normanton
|
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Based less of human rights than ancient ideas of ....– status
|
chii
|
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The editor of the ...newspaper was jailed for two years for calling the emperor a public servant
|
Azuma
|
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Japanese liberal movement
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People’s Rights Movement
|
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Japanese assassin
|
Kōtoku Shūshi
|
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Revolutionary Japanese sect
|
Kabasan sect
|
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Japanese tea-loving art historian
|
Okakura Tenshin
|
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• The Dutch had traded with ....since 1641
|
Dejima
|
|
the institute for the study of barbarian books
|
Bansho Shirabesho
|
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future president of Tokyo Imperial University
|
Katō Hiroyuki
|
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was sent to Leiden in 1862
|
• Nishi Amane
|
|
• Nishi Amane was sent to .... in 1862
|
Leiden
|
|
• Nishi Amane was sent to Leiden in ?
|
1862
|
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Nishi Amane wanted to study... (4)
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Descartes, Locke, Hegel, and Kant
|
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wrote positively about westerners in his autobiography
|
• Matsudaira Sadanobu
|
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studied with Robert Seeley in Cambridge
|
• Inagaki Manjirō
|
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By the 1890s, it designated ‘gentleman’, and not ‘samurai’
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shoshi
|
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signified ‘Japan’, and not simply ‘province’
|
kuni
|
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visited the United States and was shown a telegraph
|
o Fukuzawa Yukichi
|
|
Hungarian PM in 1913
|
Stephen Tisza
|
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Foremost student of Kopitar - Serb grammar
|
• Vuk Stefanović Karadžić
|
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Italians had strong privileges in, when they were under 3% of the population
|
Dalmatia
|
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Italians had linguistic rights over Slovene and Serbo-Croatian majorities in the
|
Littoral
|
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Limited Italian administrative autonomy in
|
Trentino
|
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German violent opposition prevented the establishment of an Italian law faculty in ... in 1904
|
Innsbruck
|
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• Ironically, a similar modus vivendi to Renner’s national autonomy scheme was reached unofficially between Italians and Germans in...
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the Tyrol
|
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• In the 1850s, the Yugoslav Academy was founded in ....
o Followed by a university in 1874. |
Zagreb
|
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Agreement between Croats and Magyars
|
o These were the Fiume Resolutions
|
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o The Croat Diet was dominated by the
|
Party of the Right
|
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Croat port, conned with a translation trick
|
Rijeka
|
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Illyrist nationalist
|
o Ljudevit Gaj
|
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Croat, 1848
|
Baron Jellačić
|
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Slovene majority province
|
• Carniola
|
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Two Slovene minority provinces
|
Styria
Carinthia |
|
pioneer of Slavonic linguistics
|
• Bartholomaeus Kopitar
|
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He put Slovene under Catholic, Habsburg control
|
Bartholomaeus Kopitar
|
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solved the Slovak language issue in his 1850 grammar
|
o Martin Hattala
|
|
wrote a Czech textbook, and translated works such as Milton and Pope into Czech
|
• Josef Jungmann
|
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Two Czech composers
|
o Bedrich Smetana and Antonin Dvořák
|
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• Czech Social Democrat calling for equal federation
|
Bohumir Smeral
|
|
leader of the small, moderately left Realist Party
|
Thomas G Masaryk
|
|
Badeni violence - two cities
|
Vienna
Graz |
|
Young Czech parliamentarian
|
Dr Karel Kramář
|
|
fabricated medieval manuscripts suggesting a fully developed Czech civilisation in medieval Bohemia
|
Václav Hanka
|
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Hungarian composer
|
Ferenc Erkel
|
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He combined German and Magyar music
|
o Franz List
|
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Hungarian poet
|
Mihály Vörösmarty ``
|
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Bonapartism on the right
|
• Rémond
|
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Bonapartism on the left
|
Girard
|
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Bonapartism neither left nor right
|
Robert Tombs
|
|
Bonaparte was guarantor of order, revolution, national glory (left, right, and apolitical at once)
|
• François Guizot
|
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French leaders from the old elites
|
Comte de Morny or Achille Fould
|
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Bonapartism's claim to be above parties was undermined by reliance on old conservative cadres
|
• Robert Megraw
|
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French Orléanist leaders
|
Achille Fould and Eugène Rouher
|
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Bonaparte's right wing republican
|
Hippolyte Fortoul
|
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Right wing opposition man
|
Jules Baroche
|
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a rare Bonapartist
|
Duc de Persigny
|
|
emphasised the importance of court prestige to the new emperor
|
• William HC Smith
|
|
Liberal Empire stood a good chance of succeeding
|
• Alain du Plessis
|
|
Liberal Empire doomed
|
• Robert Megraw
|
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Weary of counter-factuals
|
Robert Tombs
|
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Bonaparte's social treatise
|
Extinction du Paupérisme
|
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Bonaparte success caused by an economic boom that could not be sustained
|
Robert Megraw
|
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Napoléon's court
|
Maison de l’Empereur
|
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Five decorative elements of Bonapartist soldiers
|
sabretaches, aiguillettes, panther skins, shapkas, bear skins
|
|
was threatened with the loss of the Bordeaux-Midi rail terminus if opposition voting persisted
|
• Sète in the Languedoc
|
|
• Sète in the Languedoc was threatened with the loss of the if opposition voting persisted, whilst others were bribed with schools and roads
|
Bordeaux-Midi rail terminus
|
|
French papal volunteers
|
Pontifical Zouaves
|
|
French authoritarians
|
Mamelukes
|
|
• 6th October 1868, the.... of Toulouse stressed the desirability of a short war, to divert opinion from “irritating questions of internal politics”.
|
procureur général
|
|
Bonaparte's two ailments
|
kidney stone, lithiasis
|
|
sees international affairs as fatal to France
|
Robert Tombs
|
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Clerical deputy that defected
|
Emile Keller
|
|
• Some wanted to become more liberal to present a common front against Reds
|
Duc de Morny
|
|
and other French conservatives wanted repression
|
• Eugène Rouher
|
|
• After the disappointing 1869 elections, who dismissed
|
Duc de Persigny
|
|
liberalise, reform the régime, with a great coalition government
|
Duc de Morny
|
|
reat coalition government - French name
|
ministère de fusion
|
|
He saw the Second Empire liberalised as stronger than ever
|
• Léon Gambetta
|
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• Power moved to authoritarian who after Morny's death
|
Eugène Rouher
|
|
• Napoléon lent an ear to St-Simonians, like who, who joined the Conseil d’Etat
|
Michel Chevalier
|
|
Where in France succumbed to foreign and northern competition
|
• East Aquitaine’s industry
|
|
What French area's industry was hit bad by free trade
|
• Norman cloth
|
|
• Finance Minister bowed to Orléanist financial orthodoxy and called for spending cuts deeper than any seen under the July Monarchy
|
Achille Fould
|
|
the export of capital was also a safety valve to prevent domestic stagnation
|
Erich Preiser
|
|
Domestic markets became overly competitive, preventing profit - need to search for foreign markets with larger profits (over saving)
|
JA Hobson
|
|
Imperialism caused by business elites and vested interests exercising illegitimate and undemocratic influence over government and public opinion.
|
JA Hobson
|
|
espouses a neo-mercantilist theory of imperialism
|
• Gerhard Hildebrand
|
|
the significance of crises on the periphery
|
Robinson and Gallagher
|
|
o Imperialism was caused by instability on the frontiers
|
• DK Fieldhouse
|
|
diplomatic deadlock that increasingly developed in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Europe
|
• DK Fieldhouse
|
|
• Peter Cain and Anthony Hopkins
|
imperialism as the export of the gentlemanly order
|
|
Two lost provinces
|
Limburg and Luxembourg
|
|
German imperialism as a Bismarckian dictatorship
|
• Hans-Ulrich Wehler
|
|
Republican mission imperialism x 2
|
La geste républicaine
la mission civilisatrice |
|
Archbishop of Algiers
|
o Cardinal Lavigerie
|
|
prevented the Orthodox Church starting a new diocese in Tashkent
|
Governor-General Kaufman
|
|
missions brought the Empire home to Britons across class lines
|
• Susan Thorne
|
|
technological angle to imperialism
|
• Daniel R Headrick
|
|
Invented quinine
|
• François Clément Maillot
|
|
Cures malaria
|
quinine prophylaxis
|
|
inventor of the maxim gun
|
o Hiram S Maxim
|
|
reputedly the fiercest Sudanese slave-raider
|
Rabah
|
|
reached the South Pole
|
Roald Amundsen
|
|
Four regions of the Union Indo-Chinoisie
|
Cochin-China.
Annam. Cambodia. Tonkin. |
|
economic factors remained secondary in France; it was pride and intellectuals that drove the expansion
|
o Henri Brunschwig
|
|
France pumped over 2,000 million francs into her empire in the years before WWI.
|
o Henri Brunschwig
|
|
Emphasised the French military pulling the government
|
o AS Kanya-Forstner
|
|
Economic power brought national greatness.
Raw materials, markets, and outlets brought economic power. Colonies brought these. |
o Jules Ferry
|
|
French ports looking to the colonies (2)
|
Marseilles and Le Havre
|
|
French imperial rulers
|
Chefs de canton
|
|
French hero of the Chinese War
|
Admiral Courbet
|
|
o The news of a defeat at ... brought down Jules Ferry’s government
|
Lang Son
|
|
Three critics of Ferry's imperialism
|
For authorising military intervention in Tunisia without parliamentary debate.
For losing an expeditionary force to fever. And for diverting troops from the banks of the Rhine. |
|
o Bélbin
|
President of the Valenciennes Society
|
|
Georges Clemenceau, the radical leader, brought down three Opportunist ministries over which three colonial entanglements
|
Tunisia, Egypt, and Indo-China
|
|
Governor-General of French Indochina
|
Albert Sarraut
|
|
Leopold was driven by economic means.
“What he was after was not political grandeur but economic advantage.” |
• Jean Stengers
|
|
In March 1886, a workers’ revolt in iWHERE had shattered Belgium
|
industrial Wallonia
|
|
Leopold envisioned a strategic arc from where
|
Atlantic to the Black Sea
|
|
what was needed was the extension of the fatherland by honest, legal, worthy means
|
Duke of Brabant
|
|
Belgian predatory colonialism
|
o The système domanial
|
|
The mysterious .... carries two shotguns, a carbine, and a heavy rifle with him
|
Kurtz
|
|
Four German African colonies
|
Kamerun
Southwest Africa East Africa Togo |
|
Four German Pacific colonies
|
o Samoa
The Marshall Islands. The Caroline Islands. Parts of New Guinea. |
|
examined Germany’s informal empire in Venezuela
|
• Holger Herwig
|
|
By 1914, these three South American states had German armies
|
Argentina.
Chile. Bolivia. |
|
• Wilhelm II formally advocated a policy of
|
Weltpolitik
|
|
He formally advocated a policy of Weltpolitik
|
Wilhelm II
|
|
German - Demanding colonies on business grounds
|
Central Society for Commercial Geography
|
|
o Britain’s expansion into ///// spurred Bismarck on to compete
|
Fiji and Malaysia
|
|
Dreamed of a German colony of 30 million people in South America
|
Gustav Schmoller
|
|
reminds us of the impulsive nature of Wilhelmine politics - opinion, prestige, honour
|
• Holger Herwig
|
|
Three German leagues
|
The Pan-German League.
The Colonial League. The Navy League. |
|
German companies in Venezuela (2)
|
The German-Venezuelan Sulphur Company
Great Venezuelan Railroad |
|
Five German explorers
|
Heinrich Barth.
Gustav Nachtigal. Gerhard Rohlfs. Karl Peters. Eugen Wolf. |
|
He was determined to found a colony single-handedly - created German SW Africa singlehandedly
|
o Adolph Lüderitz
|
|
German chartered company
|
German East Africa Company
|
|
Two German colonies that balanced their budgets
|
Togoland and Samoa
|
|
Germany set up what in East Africa
|
Biological Institute
|
|
German general in South-West Africa sanctioned a policy of genocide against
|
Herero people
|
|
o Other German administrators were fined for letting their native troops get out of hand in
|
Kamerun
|
|
Enlightened imperialist: led a campaign to increase investment in the colonies
|
• Bernhard Dernburg
|
|
Investing in German colonies, boosting ostrich-farming and maize and tobacco growing
|
Theodor Seitz
|
|
o In 1880, the Reichstag rejected a bill funding (2)
|
German Pacific company
putting down risings in SW Africa |
|
o These merged to form the Colonial League in 1887
|
Society for German Colonisation
Colonial League |
|
Very radical German expansionist groups (2), idolising Karl Peters
|
General German League of 1881.
Which was soon renamed the Pan-German League. |
|
Three German missionary societies
|
The German African Society.
The North German Missionary Society. The Rhenish Missionary Society. |
|
Known as a butcher, hangman and national shame - prosecuted for his violence
|
Karl Peters
|
|
German business insured their cargoes with
|
Insuring their cargoes with Lloyds of London
|
|
conceded there was a huge gulf between Germany’s means to expand and her population’s desire for her to do so
|
o Foreign Secretary Heinrich von Tschirschky
|
|
bluntly told the Hamburg Board of Trade that it was not the government’s business to pull their chestnuts out of the fire.
He refused to intervene militarily in Venezuela. |
o Foreign Secretary Oswald von Richthofen
|
|
Italian colonies consisted of (5)
|
Tripoli.
Parts of Somalia and Eritrea. The lease of Ningpo in the Far East. She then acquired Libya in 1911 |
|
Italy wanted... but was...
|
• She sought Abyssinia.
o But was defeated at Adowa in 1896. |
|
He saw imperialism as a means to bring credibility and stability to a new and divided state
|
Francesco Crispi
|
|
Two Italian imperial societies
|
Italian Geographic Society
Italian African Society |
|
Italian foreign minister promised after Berlin to ‘search for outlets for the emigration that has now reached alarming heights’.
|
Pasquale Mancini
|
|
Italian imperialism had surprisingly little ideological basis
|
• Robert Hess
|
|
Italian imperialist businessman seeking markets
|
Vincenzo Filonardi
|
|
Two Italian defeats
|
Adowa in 1896 and Lafolè
|
|
Italian governor of Benadir
|
Vincenzo Filonardi
|
|
Vincenzo Filonardi was governor of where
|
Benadir
|
|
Italian chartered company
|
Filonardi Company
|
|
Italian organisation with great administrative power
|
Tribunale dell’Indigenato
|
|
o The nationalism of who limited national power within national boundaries
|
Mazzini
|
|
in the wake of Berlin, he put an expansionary imperial policy to the Italian parliament, it was shot down.
|
Pasquale Mancini
|
|
Russian imperialist bank, adjunct of the treasury
|
Russo-Chinese Bank
|
|
Russia's natural borders
|
Baltic in the east to the Bering Sea in the West
|
|
Russian man on the spot
|
o Colonel Cherniaev
|
|
He took Tashkent without permission
|
Cherniaev
|
|
spoke of Russia’s duty to impose her language and “improve the lives of those unfortunate offspring of the human race”.
|
o NA Kryzhankovsky
|
|
wrote of a particularly Russian kind of imperialism
|
o Sergei Witte
|
|
solid Russian administration was established in central Asia by the renowned
|
Governor-General Kaufman
|
|
Russian word for province
|
oblast
|
|
became Russian protectorates
|
• Bukhara and Khiva
|
|
o Muslim natives were designated ....and given reduced rights.
|
inorodtsy
|
|
effects of the 1905 Revolution were confined solely to settlers
|
• Seymour Becker
|
|
favoured moderate expansion
|
Dmitri Milyutin
|
|
Russian imperial ministry divides
|
War Ministry - expansionist
Foreign Ministry - European-minded |
|
Russian expansionist department
|
Asiatic Department of the Foreign Ministry
|
|
Russian diplomat who got carried away
|
Count Ignatiev
|
|
This Tsar boasted a great knowledge of the Far East
|
o Nikolas II
|
|
Two key Portuguese colonies
|
Mozambique, Angola
|
|
1890, Lord Salisbury demanded the withdrawal of a Portuguese expedition from
|
Nyasaland
|
|
o The end of the slave trade brought economic crisis to which two Porutguese colonies
|
Angola and Sao Tomé
|
|
o Therefore, plans were drawn up to turn ....into “a second Brazil”.
|
Angola
|
|
• Mozambique was ruled by the
|
prazeiros
|
|
Portuguese colonial governors
|
administradors
|
|
Portuguese indentured labourers
|
serviçais
|
|
visited the Portuguese colonies in person
|
William Cadbury
|
|
Rebel led in triumph through Lisbon
|
Gungunhama
|
|
o Ferreira d’Almeida, navy minister, hoped to make the empire more manageable. by selling which five colonies
|
Guinea, Mozambique, Goa, Macao, and Timor
|
|
Portuguese navy minister
|
Ferreira d’Almeida
|
|
was in revolt for 35 years - which Portugese region
|
Dembos
|
|
Portuguese colonial society
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Lisbon Geographical Society
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The Thirty Years’ War of subjugation in
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Acheh
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• Dutch rule expanding into ...and islands off the archipelago, such as ...
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Java
Sumatra |
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o Java provided a range of produce (3)
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Coffee.
Indigo. Sugar cane. |
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Sumatra produced (2)
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Tobacco.
Rubber. |
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the Hague being dragged along by colonial adventurers
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o Paul H Kratoska
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Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies - increased territory and asked permission later
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JB van Heutsz
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• A lack of administration in the east of .... created something of a Wild West
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Sumatra
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Dutch organisation sought to improve healthcare
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Civil Medical Service
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Three Spanish gains in Africa
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The Rio de Oro.
Spanish Sahara. Rio Muni |
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Three regional Spanish produces that found an imperial market
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Castilian wheat.
Andalusian wine. Catalan textiles. |
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industrialists were alienated from the political system
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Catalan
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Cuban profits fuelled industrialisation where
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Catalonia
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Which Spanish colony remained a divided and conservative society, dominated by Spaniards
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• Cuba
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“Cuba is Spain’s Alsace-Lorraine”.
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Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas
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this event probably triggered the birth of Spanish public opinion, suggests
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Sebastian Balfour
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Japan laid claim to which northern island
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Hokkaido
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“If the sun is not ascending it is descending… If the country is not flourishing it is declining.”
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Yoshida Shōin
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“I insist on war with China to transform Japan, hitherto a contracting nation, into an expansive nation.”
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Tokutomi Sohō
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seizing her would “eliminate recrimination and jealously among its people”.
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Kido Takayoshi
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called for Japanese expansion to be a moral movement
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o Tokutomi Rota
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Japan was the Rome of the East
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Tokutomi Sohō
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o Korean what (2) were felt to be a vital part of Japanese industrialisation.
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grain
soybeans |
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The two took an autocratic but ‘scientific’ approach to colonial rule.
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General Kodama Gentarō and his civilian counterpart Gotō Shinpei.
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Resident
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Itō Hirobumi
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Japanese general was assassinated by a separatist
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Itō Hirobumi
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called imperialism the monster of the twentieth century
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o Kōtoku Shūshi
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US Minister in London
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James Buchanan
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Naval strategist
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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Two American presidents attacked for their imperial policies
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William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt
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• “It is thanks to Maillot that Algeria has become a French land; it is he who closed and sealed forever this tomb of Christians”.
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o The Scientific Congress of Algiers, 1881.
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• Each colonial power was: “forced by circumstances to enlarge the frontiers of its direct administration”.
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o The Governor of Celebes.
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• The quality of a great nation was “a craving for colonies”.
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o Heinrich von Treitschke
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Alexsandr II's interior minister
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Pyotr Valuev
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: ‘Discontent seemed to be general.’
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o David Saunders
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Progressive brother
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Grand Duke Konstantin
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Progressive aunt
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Grand Duchess Helen
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Progressive Russian organisation
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Imperial Russian Geographical Society
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Alexander II was consistent
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Alfred J Rieber
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radical pamphlet calling for middle classes to get involved with Russian imperialism
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Velikoruss
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Demanded abolition of Russian gentry
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Ivan Aksakov
Aleksandr Koshelev |
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“Political rights for one class without political rights for all others are something unthinkable”.
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Konstantin Kavelin , an aristocrat
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increased prosperity of the people was not matched by their status – a revolutionary mix
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Geoffrey Hosking
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The nihilist in Fathers and Sons
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o Evgenii Bazarov
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Assassinated the Tsar
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Narodnaya Volya
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o Great nobles like ... went out of their way to wreck serf legislation
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Count Panin
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rEFORMS suggests that they created a civic society
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o Larissa Zakharova
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o An educated, politically-aware society
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obshchestvennost’
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emphasised the growth of a provincial barin opposition
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• RobertA Manning
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Liberal leader 1905
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PN Milukov
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o “The voice of the zemstvo is the voice of life”,
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Chernigov zemstvo
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Four Russian liberal leaders emerging in the zemstva movement
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Bakunin and Dolgurukov brothers, Rodichev and Pentrunkevich
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Slavophile; he started to organise zemstvo leader conferences
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o DN Shipov
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Three Russian liberal movements which became the Liberation Movement
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Beseda, the Union of Liberation, and the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists
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‘Russia was not backward because serf relations dominated her economy; it was her backwardness that made serf relations persist.’
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Olga Crisp
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• The emancipation legislation was ‘arguably the greatest piece of socio-economic legislation attempted anywhere in the world hitherto’.
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o John Keep and Lionel Kochan.
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Most bloody Russian peasant riot
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Bezdna
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Emancipation led to inevitable Russian disturbance
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o Richard Pipes
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For out centuries-old service to the state we received a wretched allotment of land with high redemption dues”.
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petition from the village of Tashino in 1905
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Most gentry money was squandered or invested poorly
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Roberta Manning
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o Finance ministers like? (2) emphasised industry over agriculture
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Sergei Witte and Ivan Vyschengradsky
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80% of all gentry proprietors were unable to feed their families from the earnings of their estates.
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Prince Trubetskoi
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He placed emancipation at the heart of his critique of the Russian government
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Boris Chicherin
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Who was acquitted for trying to assassinate the Chief of the St Petersburg police
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Vera Zasulich
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education minister
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• Count Dmitri Tolstoy
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o A number of visionaries exploited the Russian primary school statute
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Korf, and Leo Tolstoy
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Viceroy of Poland
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Marquis Wielopolski
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Polish positivist thinker
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Boleslaw Prus
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Pyotr Stolypin wanted to detach where from Poland
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Kholm
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Aleksandr III spent his summers where
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Kotka
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Offending organisation in the Ukraine
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the Russian Geographical Society, Kiev branch
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Estonians like .... sought Russian help in their pursuit of equality with the Baltic Germans
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K R Jakobson
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Georgian Bolshevik
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Iosef Djugashvilli
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virtual dictator of the Vilnius province
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• General MM Muravyov
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Russia’s advance was inevitable - natural law for her to spread law and Orthodoxy
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o Foreign Minister AM Gorchakov
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• Roberta Manning
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the fall of the Russian Empire as a crisis of the gentry
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• Abraham Ascher
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flurry of simultaneous revolutions than one single one
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• Max Weber
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something fundamental changed after the revolution
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Bolshevik paper
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Iskra
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French ambassador to St Petersburg in 1904.
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Maurice Bombard
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1905 Interior Minister
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• Vyacheslav von Pleve
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“the Port Arthur debacle promises to shatter the foundations of the régime of Nikolas II”.
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Revolutionary Georgi Plekhanov
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Reformer, replacement for Pkeve
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Prince PD Sviatopolk-Mirskii
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an American student in Moscow, noted the extraordinary atmosphere in late 1904
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• Samuel Harper
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Cossacks in ???/put down one banquet demonstration with clubs
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Odessa
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After Bloody Sunday, riots killed dozens in
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Riga and Warsaw
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After Bloody Sunday, strikes spread as far as
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Baku
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Appointing reforming ministers like
And hard-liner courtiers like |
Aleksandr Bulygin
Dmitri Trepov |
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recorded that the streets of St Petersburg were not safe.
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Austrian Ambassador
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Russian monarchist, anti-semitic gangs
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Black Hundreds
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“For out centuries-old service to the state we received a wretched allotment of land with high redemption dues”.
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one peasant petition from the village of Tashino
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Mutinous battleship
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Potemkin
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.... again saw the worse violence in October 1905
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Odessa
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Revolutionaries started to seize cities in the Days of Liberty, like
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Novorossiysk
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Two parties competing in 1906 Duma elections
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Kadets and the Octobrists
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The Kadet Party called on the citizens not to give the government a single ...until the Second Duma met
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recruit or kopek
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Coup of June 1907 - Stolypin accused whom of starting an armed uprising
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Social Democrats
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Third Duma was elected in 1907
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‘Duma of Lackeys’.
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leader of the Socialist Revolutionaries, felt another revolution was a certainty after 1905
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o Viktor Chernov
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Octobrist leader
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Aleksandr Guchkov
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amount of land farmed by Russian gentry actually doubled here, 1900 - 1914
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Poltava
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a British journalist, who visited Russia in the 1880s and then again in the 1900s, and was shocked by the improvement.
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Sir Mackenzie Wallace
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History of Bohemia
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• Frantisek Palacky
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• Austria had a ....of Russian or German military expenditure
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quarter
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describes him as one of the worst Habsburgs
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AJP Taylor
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• The pacific and moderate liberal ; lawyer and landowner
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Francis Déak
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trial by jury, civil marriage, secularisation, equality before the law, freedom of movement and expression, opposed by Czechs and Slavs
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Prince Karl Auersperg
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Bribe for Galicia, 1871
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Minister for Galician Affairs
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Taaffe's proclaimed title
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Kaiserminister
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• Bureaucrats like .... ruled through emergency legislation
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Ernest von Koerber
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Two Austrian German anti-Semitic nationalists
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• Karl Lueger, Mayor of Vienna, and Georg Ritter von Schönerer
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for the Empire to survive, it had to reform its constitution and create a democratic federation of equal peoples
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• Czech Social Democrat, Bohumir Smeral
December 1913 |
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Austrian general in Italy
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Haynau
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an outstanding Austrian playwright in an imperial, as well as a national, sense.
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• Franz Grillparzer
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o the great Austrian prose writer, also transcended the Austro-German sphere.
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o Adalbert Stifter
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One of Adalbert Stifter's two novels, dealt with medieval Czech history.
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Witiko
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Austrian novelist supporting Slovene cultural endeavours
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Count Anton Alexander Auersperg
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• Teaching in Romanian and Ruthenian in (2)
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University of Lwów
University of Czernowitz |
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• Slovak nationalism - torn between
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Catholics and Hussites
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Hungarians stank and the Czechs cleaned shoes - Radetzky March
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• Count Chojnicki
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US press mogul who fanned waves of chauvinism
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Joseph Pulitzer
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Turning Algiers into Algeria took
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40 years of conquest
|
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• After the disappointing 1869 elections, dismissed
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Duc de Persigny dismissed
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Two French imperialist pressure groups
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Union Coloniale was an economic imperialist pressure group
Whilst the Comité de l’Afrique Française tended to emphasise political necessity |
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• Belgian New Imperialism was a one-man show
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Jean Stengers
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Asian tribesmen slaughtered for not paying an indemnity
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Yomud tribesmen
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: too much emphasis on Leopold
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• Vincent Viaene
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Force Publique - size
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one of the two largest colonial armies in Sub-Saharan Africa
|
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French anti-colonial movement
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• Ligue des Patriotes: mobilise patriotism, engage veterans, and educate for policy of revanche VOSGES NOT VIETNAM
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