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393 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Late Shogunate reforms
Tempō Reforms
Western learning
Rangaku
Origin of Japanese imperial thought
Neo-Confucian Sung China
Closed state
Sakoku
Felt Japanese copper was over-priced
British officials in Bengal
sent to Edo Bay in 1853
Commodore Matthew C Perry
Two ports opened by Perry in 1853
Shimoda
Hakodate
They urged far-reaching changes to Japanese society
Hayashi Shihei
Honda Toshiaki
He envisioned a new kind of patriotism as a response to Perry
o Sakuma Shōzan
 He called for a positive campaign of national defence to unite the Japanese
o Tokugawa Nariaki
 “Our first priority is to save our world: if we are forced to permit trade for now… at a later time we will be able to redeem our honour”
Sugita Gempaku
new American consul-general at Shimoda
Townsend Harris
he feared that the Harris Treaty would “disturb the ideas of our people and make it impossible to preserve lasting tranquillity”
Emperor Kōmei
Three Japanese xperiments in industrial skills took place after first contact
 Iron-founding.
 Cannon manufacture.
 Western ships.
Five points of the Harris Treaty
 Opening additional ports.
 Permitting trade in further cities.
 Sending American diplomats to Edo.
 Decreasing tariffs.
 Submitting Americans to US extraterritorial law.
Harris Treaty was a model for four other powers
 Russia.
 Britain.
 Holland.
 France.
He let it be known that he disapproved of the treaties
Emperor Kōmei
 The chief minister of the Shogunate assassinated outside Edo Castle
Ii Naosuke
the shishi as a mixture of lesser samurai, rich farmers, and merchants with ideas above their station
 WG Beasley
Five han most strongly-associated with loyalism
o Chōshū, Mito, Saga, Tosa, and Satsuma
 The proximity of this clan to the port of .... brought it exposure to western ideas and technology.
Saga
Nagasaki
London Protocol
 The opening of further ports and cities was delayed, at the price of reduced import duties and class restrictions
 A party of foreigners fell foul of this Satsuma lord's escort during a diplomatic mission.
Shimazu Hisamitsu
British engaged the Satsuma and destroyed a good part of this city, leading to the 1863 indemnity
Kagoshima
popular agrarian, anti-feudal sentiments were the key historical ingredient
o Shibahara Takuji
Meiji was a political revolution
 Theda Skocpol
political manoeuvrings with wider, revolutionary ramifications
 Marius Jansen
Calling Meiji anything other than a revolution does not do it justice
Alistair D Swale
Emphasised the long-term Tokugawa trends that led to Meiji
Tokutomi Sohō
Shogunate reforms after Kaikoku
Bunkyū Reforms
Word for opening of Japan
Kaikoku
He took a humiliating trip to pay homage to the Emperor Kōmei at Kyoto
 Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi
 Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi took a humiliating trip to pay homage to WHO WHERE
Emperor Kōmei at Kyoto
Chōshū closed where, defying the bakufu
Shimonoseki Straits
Bakufu closed this port as a concession to the anti-foreign movement
Yokohama
became Japanese culture heroes
 Peter the Great and George Washington
• Japan was strategically ideal, being between
San Francisco and Shanghai
• In 1865, who offered to resign
Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi
This clan started to arm non-samurai classes for the first time, an unprecedented taste of the nation-in-arms
 Chōshū
This clan destroyed itself in civil war
Mito
• In 1866, the Shogunate sent troops on a punitive expedition against... and were annihilated
Chōshū
1866 convention with whom
Britain, France, Holland, and the US
Four points of the 1866 convention
 Only opium was prohibited.
 Any Japanese citizen could purchase steamships or sailing boats, but warships had to be sold directly to the government.
 All classes of Japanese were at liberty to trade with foreigners, and in foreign countries, as well as the open ports.
 The Japanese could travel abroad with passports.
o In 1867, he relinquished the title of shogun, and withdrew to Osaka Castle.
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
1867 - how many years of Tokugawa rule came to an end?
 267
Most loyal Tokugawa domain
Aizu
 In 1868, combien? powerful feudal lords submitted a joint memorandum to the court
six
 The French helped build a shipyard, Francophone school and foundry in
Yokohama
has seen an ‘industrious revolution’ in the late bakuhan order
 Hayami Akira
emphasised the native sources of Japanese industrialisation
 Thomas C Smith
Tokugawa landlords were progressive and innovating investors
 Ann Waswo
Japanese society had been advancing literacy for centuries, and Japan was essentially a literate society by 1868
 Ronald Dore
• The initial government that emerged after the Meiji Restoration was known as the
hanbatsu – oligarchic clique.
Four main clans in the hanbatsu
Satsuma and Chōshū
Tosa and Hizen
• The man most responsible for leading Japan to these reforms was
Okubo Toshimichi
Okubo Toshimichi was conservative compared with...his Chōshū colleague
Kido Takayoshi
civilisation and enlightenment
bummei kaika
o It moved north and claimed the island of
Hokkaido
Native people of Hokkaido
Ainu
o Japan had to push forth and assert herself
Inagaki Manjirō
Japanese province in China
Fukien Province
Japanese Privy Council President
o Itō Hirobumi
Japanese peasant protest site put down by force
Wakayama
 Competitors called it the sea monster
Mitsubishi Company
lectured students in the Tokyo Agricultural College in 1889 as their farewell address
 Takahashi Korekiyo
textile production was so concentrated, intense, and large-scale that it has been cited as evidence for the rise of Tokugawa manufacturing.
north Kantō region
 And the pride of her fleet built in
Barrow-in-Furness
most daimyo were better off financially, and almost as powerful under the new order
 Stephen Vlastos
Japanese province whose peasants actually received the promise tax cuts
Aizu
Japanese samurai rebel leader
• Saigō Takamori
 Such as the sinking of the ...in 1886
Normanton
 Based less of human rights than ancient ideas of ....– status
chii
 The editor of the ...newspaper was jailed for two years for calling the emperor a public servant
Azuma
Japanese liberal movement
People’s Rights Movement
Japanese assassin
 Kōtoku Shūshi
Revolutionary Japanese sect
Kabasan sect
Japanese tea-loving art historian
Okakura Tenshin
• The Dutch had traded with ....since 1641
Dejima
the institute for the study of barbarian books
Bansho Shirabesho
future president of Tokyo Imperial University
Katō Hiroyuki
was sent to Leiden in 1862
• Nishi Amane
• Nishi Amane was sent to .... in 1862
Leiden
• Nishi Amane was sent to Leiden in ?
1862
Nishi Amane wanted to study... (4)
Descartes, Locke, Hegel, and Kant
wrote positively about westerners in his autobiography
• Matsudaira Sadanobu
studied with Robert Seeley in Cambridge
• Inagaki Manjirō
 By the 1890s, it designated ‘gentleman’, and not ‘samurai’
shoshi
signified ‘Japan’, and not simply ‘province’
kuni
visited the United States and was shown a telegraph
o Fukuzawa Yukichi
Hungarian PM in 1913
 Stephen Tisza
Foremost student of Kopitar - Serb grammar
• Vuk Stefanović Karadžić
Italians had strong privileges in, when they were under 3% of the population
Dalmatia
Italians had linguistic rights over Slovene and Serbo-Croatian majorities in the
Littoral
Limited Italian administrative autonomy in
Trentino
 German violent opposition prevented the establishment of an Italian law faculty in ... in 1904
Innsbruck
• Ironically, a similar modus vivendi to Renner’s national autonomy scheme was reached unofficially between Italians and Germans in...
the Tyrol
• In the 1850s, the Yugoslav Academy was founded in ....
o Followed by a university in 1874.
Zagreb
Agreement between Croats and Magyars
o These were the Fiume Resolutions
o The Croat Diet was dominated by the
Party of the Right
Croat port, conned with a translation trick
Rijeka
Illyrist nationalist
o Ljudevit Gaj
Croat, 1848
Baron Jellačić
Slovene majority province
• Carniola
Two Slovene minority provinces
Styria
Carinthia
pioneer of Slavonic linguistics
• Bartholomaeus Kopitar
He put Slovene under Catholic, Habsburg control
Bartholomaeus Kopitar
solved the Slovak language issue in his 1850 grammar
o Martin Hattala
wrote a Czech textbook, and translated works such as Milton and Pope into Czech
• Josef Jungmann
Two Czech composers
o Bedrich Smetana and Antonin Dvořák
• Czech Social Democrat calling for equal federation
Bohumir Smeral
leader of the small, moderately left Realist Party
Thomas G Masaryk
Badeni violence - two cities
Vienna
Graz
Young Czech parliamentarian
Dr Karel Kramář
fabricated medieval manuscripts suggesting a fully developed Czech civilisation in medieval Bohemia
 Václav Hanka
Hungarian composer
Ferenc Erkel
He combined German and Magyar music
o Franz List
Hungarian poet
Mihály Vörösmarty ``
Bonapartism on the right
• Rémond
Bonapartism on the left
Girard
Bonapartism neither left nor right
Robert Tombs
Bonaparte was guarantor of order, revolution, national glory (left, right, and apolitical at once)
• François Guizot
French leaders from the old elites
Comte de Morny or Achille Fould
Bonapartism's claim to be above parties was undermined by reliance on old conservative cadres
• Robert Megraw
French Orléanist leaders
Achille Fould and Eugène Rouher
Bonaparte's right wing republican
Hippolyte Fortoul
Right wing opposition man
Jules Baroche
a rare Bonapartist
Duc de Persigny
emphasised the importance of court prestige to the new emperor
• William HC Smith
Liberal Empire stood a good chance of succeeding
• Alain du Plessis
Liberal Empire doomed
• Robert Megraw
Weary of counter-factuals
Robert Tombs
Bonaparte's social treatise
Extinction du Paupérisme
Bonaparte success caused by an economic boom that could not be sustained
Robert Megraw
Napoléon's court
Maison de l’Empereur
Five decorative elements of Bonapartist soldiers
sabretaches, aiguillettes, panther skins, shapkas, bear skins
was threatened with the loss of the Bordeaux-Midi rail terminus if opposition voting persisted
• Sète in the Languedoc
• Sète in the Languedoc was threatened with the loss of the if opposition voting persisted, whilst others were bribed with schools and roads
Bordeaux-Midi rail terminus
French papal volunteers
Pontifical Zouaves
French authoritarians
Mamelukes
• 6th October 1868, the.... of Toulouse stressed the desirability of a short war, to divert opinion from “irritating questions of internal politics”.
procureur général
Bonaparte's two ailments
kidney stone, lithiasis
sees international affairs as fatal to France
Robert Tombs
Clerical deputy that defected
Emile Keller
• Some wanted to become more liberal to present a common front against Reds
Duc de Morny
and other French conservatives wanted repression
• Eugène Rouher
• After the disappointing 1869 elections, who dismissed
Duc de Persigny
liberalise, reform the régime, with a great coalition government
Duc de Morny
reat coalition government - French name
ministère de fusion
He saw the Second Empire liberalised as stronger than ever
• Léon Gambetta
• Power moved to authoritarian who after Morny's death
Eugène Rouher
• Napoléon lent an ear to St-Simonians, like who, who joined the Conseil d’Etat
Michel Chevalier
Where in France succumbed to foreign and northern competition
• East Aquitaine’s industry
What French area's industry was hit bad by free trade
• Norman cloth
• Finance Minister bowed to Orléanist financial orthodoxy and called for spending cuts deeper than any seen under the July Monarchy
Achille Fould
the export of capital was also a safety valve to prevent domestic stagnation
Erich Preiser
 Domestic markets became overly competitive, preventing profit - need to search for foreign markets with larger profits (over saving)
JA Hobson
Imperialism caused by business elites and vested interests exercising illegitimate and undemocratic influence over government and public opinion.
JA Hobson
espouses a neo-mercantilist theory of imperialism
• Gerhard Hildebrand
the significance of crises on the periphery
Robinson and Gallagher
o Imperialism was caused by instability on the frontiers
• DK Fieldhouse
diplomatic deadlock that increasingly developed in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Europe
• DK Fieldhouse
• Peter Cain and Anthony Hopkins
imperialism as the export of the gentlemanly order
Two lost provinces
Limburg and Luxembourg
German imperialism as a Bismarckian dictatorship
• Hans-Ulrich Wehler
Republican mission imperialism x 2
 La geste républicaine
la mission civilisatrice
Archbishop of Algiers
o Cardinal Lavigerie
prevented the Orthodox Church starting a new diocese in Tashkent
 Governor-General Kaufman
missions brought the Empire home to Britons across class lines
• Susan Thorne
technological angle to imperialism
• Daniel R Headrick
Invented quinine
• François Clément Maillot
Cures malaria
quinine prophylaxis
inventor of the maxim gun
o Hiram S Maxim
reputedly the fiercest Sudanese slave-raider
Rabah
reached the South Pole
Roald Amundsen
Four regions of the Union Indo-Chinoisie
 Cochin-China.
 Annam.
 Cambodia.
 Tonkin.
economic factors remained secondary in France; it was pride and intellectuals that drove the expansion
o Henri Brunschwig
France pumped over 2,000 million francs into her empire in the years before WWI.
o Henri Brunschwig
Emphasised the French military pulling the government
o AS Kanya-Forstner
 Economic power brought national greatness.
 Raw materials, markets, and outlets brought economic power.
 Colonies brought these.
o Jules Ferry
French ports looking to the colonies (2)
 Marseilles and Le Havre
French imperial rulers
 Chefs de canton
French hero of the Chinese War
Admiral Courbet
o The news of a defeat at ... brought down Jules Ferry’s government
Lang Son
Three critics of Ferry's imperialism
 For authorising military intervention in Tunisia without parliamentary debate.
 For losing an expeditionary force to fever.
 And for diverting troops from the banks of the Rhine.
o Bélbin
President of the Valenciennes Society
 Georges Clemenceau, the radical leader, brought down three Opportunist ministries over which three colonial entanglements
Tunisia, Egypt, and Indo-China
Governor-General of French Indochina
Albert Sarraut
Leopold was driven by economic means.
 “What he was after was not political grandeur but economic advantage.”
• Jean Stengers
 In March 1886, a workers’ revolt in iWHERE had shattered Belgium
industrial Wallonia
Leopold envisioned a strategic arc from where
Atlantic to the Black Sea
what was needed was the extension of the fatherland by honest, legal, worthy means
Duke of Brabant
Belgian predatory colonialism
o The système domanial
 The mysterious .... carries two shotguns, a carbine, and a heavy rifle with him
Kurtz
Four German African colonies
Kamerun
Southwest Africa
East Africa
Togo
Four German Pacific colonies
o Samoa
 The Marshall Islands.
 The Caroline Islands.
 Parts of New Guinea.
examined Germany’s informal empire in Venezuela
• Holger Herwig
By 1914, these three South American states had German armies
 Argentina.
 Chile.
 Bolivia.
• Wilhelm II formally advocated a policy of
Weltpolitik
He formally advocated a policy of Weltpolitik
Wilhelm II
German -  Demanding colonies on business grounds
Central Society for Commercial Geography
o Britain’s expansion into ///// spurred Bismarck on to compete
Fiji and Malaysia
Dreamed of a German colony of 30 million people in South America
 Gustav Schmoller
reminds us of the impulsive nature of Wilhelmine politics - opinion, prestige, honour
• Holger Herwig
Three German leagues
 The Pan-German League.
 The Colonial League.
 The Navy League.
German companies in Venezuela (2)
 The German-Venezuelan Sulphur Company
Great Venezuelan Railroad
Five German explorers
 Heinrich Barth.
 Gustav Nachtigal.
 Gerhard Rohlfs.
 Karl Peters.
 Eugen Wolf.
He was determined to found a colony single-handedly - created German SW Africa singlehandedly
o Adolph Lüderitz
German chartered company
German East Africa Company
Two German colonies that balanced their budgets
Togoland and Samoa
Germany set up what in East Africa
Biological Institute
German general in South-West Africa sanctioned a policy of genocide against
Herero people
o Other German administrators were fined for letting their native troops get out of hand in
Kamerun
Enlightened imperialist: led a campaign to increase investment in the colonies
• Bernhard Dernburg
Investing in German colonies, boosting ostrich-farming and maize and tobacco growing
Theodor Seitz
o In 1880, the Reichstag rejected a bill funding (2)
German Pacific company
putting down risings in SW Africa
o These merged to form the Colonial League in 1887
Society for German Colonisation
Colonial League
Very radical German expansionist groups (2), idolising Karl Peters
General German League of 1881.
 Which was soon renamed the Pan-German League.
Three German missionary societies
 The German African Society.
 The North German Missionary Society.
 The Rhenish Missionary Society.
Known as a butcher, hangman and national shame - prosecuted for his violence
Karl Peters
German business insured their cargoes with
 Insuring their cargoes with Lloyds of London
conceded there was a huge gulf between Germany’s means to expand and her population’s desire for her to do so
o Foreign Secretary Heinrich von Tschirschky
bluntly told the Hamburg Board of Trade that it was not the government’s business to pull their chestnuts out of the fire.
 He refused to intervene militarily in Venezuela.
o Foreign Secretary Oswald von Richthofen
Italian colonies consisted of (5)
Tripoli.
Parts of Somalia and Eritrea.
The lease of Ningpo in the Far East.
She then acquired Libya in 1911
Italy wanted... but was...
• She sought Abyssinia.
o But was defeated at Adowa in 1896.
He saw imperialism as a means to bring credibility and stability to a new and divided state
Francesco Crispi
Two Italian imperial societies
Italian Geographic Society
Italian African Society
Italian foreign minister promised after Berlin to ‘search for outlets for the emigration that has now reached alarming heights’.
 Pasquale Mancini
Italian imperialism had surprisingly little ideological basis
• Robert Hess
Italian imperialist businessman seeking markets
Vincenzo Filonardi
Two Italian defeats
Adowa in 1896 and Lafolè
Italian governor of Benadir
Vincenzo Filonardi
Vincenzo Filonardi was governor of where
Benadir
Italian chartered company
Filonardi Company
Italian organisation with great administrative power
Tribunale dell’Indigenato
o The nationalism of who limited national power within national boundaries
Mazzini
in the wake of Berlin, he put an expansionary imperial policy to the Italian parliament, it was shot down.
Pasquale Mancini
Russian imperialist bank, adjunct of the treasury
Russo-Chinese Bank
Russia's natural borders
Baltic in the east to the Bering Sea in the West
Russian man on the spot
o Colonel Cherniaev
He took Tashkent without permission
Cherniaev
spoke of Russia’s duty to impose her language and “improve the lives of those unfortunate offspring of the human race”.
o NA Kryzhankovsky
wrote of a particularly Russian kind of imperialism
o Sergei Witte
solid Russian administration was established in central Asia by the renowned
Governor-General Kaufman
Russian word for province
oblast
became Russian protectorates
• Bukhara and Khiva
o Muslim natives were designated ....and given reduced rights.
inorodtsy
effects of the 1905 Revolution were confined solely to settlers
• Seymour Becker
favoured moderate expansion
Dmitri Milyutin
Russian imperial ministry divides
War Ministry - expansionist
Foreign Ministry - European-minded
Russian expansionist department
Asiatic Department of the Foreign Ministry
Russian diplomat who got carried away
Count Ignatiev
This Tsar boasted a great knowledge of the Far East
o Nikolas II
Two key Portuguese colonies
Mozambique, Angola
1890, Lord Salisbury demanded the withdrawal of a Portuguese expedition from
Nyasaland
o The end of the slave trade brought economic crisis to which two Porutguese colonies
 Angola and Sao Tomé
o Therefore, plans were drawn up to turn ....into “a second Brazil”.
Angola
• Mozambique was ruled by the
prazeiros
Portuguese colonial governors
administradors
Portuguese indentured labourers
serviçais
visited the Portuguese colonies in person
William Cadbury
Rebel led in triumph through Lisbon
Gungunhama
o Ferreira d’Almeida, navy minister, hoped to make the empire more manageable. by selling which five colonies
Guinea, Mozambique, Goa, Macao, and Timor
Portuguese navy minister
Ferreira d’Almeida
was in revolt for 35 years - which Portugese region
Dembos
Portuguese colonial society
Lisbon Geographical Society
 The Thirty Years’ War of subjugation in
Acheh
• Dutch rule expanding into ...and islands off the archipelago, such as ...
Java
Sumatra
o Java provided a range of produce (3)
 Coffee.
 Indigo.
 Sugar cane.
Sumatra produced (2)
 Tobacco.
 Rubber.
the Hague being dragged along by colonial adventurers
o Paul H Kratoska
Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies - increased territory and asked permission later
JB van Heutsz
• A lack of administration in the east of .... created something of a Wild West
Sumatra
Dutch organisation sought to improve healthcare
Civil Medical Service
Three Spanish gains in Africa
 The Rio de Oro.
 Spanish Sahara.
 Rio Muni
Three regional Spanish produces that found an imperial market
 Castilian wheat.
 Andalusian wine.
 Catalan textiles.
industrialists were alienated from the political system
Catalan
Cuban profits fuelled industrialisation where
Catalonia
Which Spanish colony remained a divided and conservative society, dominated by Spaniards
• Cuba
“Cuba is Spain’s Alsace-Lorraine”.
Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas
this event probably triggered the birth of Spanish public opinion, suggests
Sebastian Balfour
Japan laid claim to which northern island
Hokkaido
“If the sun is not ascending it is descending… If the country is not flourishing it is declining.”
Yoshida Shōin
“I insist on war with China to transform Japan, hitherto a contracting nation, into an expansive nation.”
 Tokutomi Sohō
seizing her would “eliminate recrimination and jealously among its people”.
Kido Takayoshi
called for Japanese expansion to be a moral movement
o Tokutomi Rota
Japan was the Rome of the East
Tokutomi Sohō
o Korean what (2) were felt to be a vital part of Japanese industrialisation.
grain
soybeans
 The two took an autocratic but ‘scientific’ approach to colonial rule.
General Kodama Gentarō and his civilian counterpart Gotō Shinpei.
Resident
 Itō Hirobumi
Japanese general was assassinated by a separatist
 Itō Hirobumi
called imperialism the monster of the twentieth century
o Kōtoku Shūshi
US Minister in London
James Buchanan
Naval strategist
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Two American presidents attacked for their imperial policies
William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt
• “It is thanks to Maillot that Algeria has become a French land; it is he who closed and sealed forever this tomb of Christians”.
o The Scientific Congress of Algiers, 1881.
• Each colonial power was: “forced by circumstances to enlarge the frontiers of its direct administration”.
o The Governor of Celebes.
• The quality of a great nation was “a craving for colonies”.
o Heinrich von Treitschke
Alexsandr II's interior minister
 Pyotr Valuev
: ‘Discontent seemed to be general.’
o David Saunders
Progressive brother
Grand Duke Konstantin
Progressive aunt
Grand Duchess Helen
Progressive Russian organisation
Imperial Russian Geographical Society
Alexander II was consistent
Alfred J Rieber
radical pamphlet calling for middle classes to get involved with Russian imperialism
Velikoruss
Demanded abolition of Russian gentry
Ivan Aksakov
Aleksandr Koshelev
“Political rights for one class without political rights for all others are something unthinkable”.
Konstantin Kavelin , an aristocrat
increased prosperity of the people was not matched by their status – a revolutionary mix
 Geoffrey Hosking
The nihilist in Fathers and Sons
o Evgenii Bazarov
Assassinated the Tsar
Narodnaya Volya
o Great nobles like ... went out of their way to wreck serf legislation
Count Panin
rEFORMS suggests that they created a civic society
o Larissa Zakharova
o An educated, politically-aware society
obshchestvennost’
emphasised the growth of a provincial barin opposition
• RobertA Manning
Liberal leader 1905
PN Milukov
o “The voice of the zemstvo is the voice of life”,
Chernigov zemstvo
Four Russian liberal leaders emerging in the zemstva movement
Bakunin and Dolgurukov brothers, Rodichev and Pentrunkevich
Slavophile; he started to organise zemstvo leader conferences
o DN Shipov
Three Russian liberal movements which became the Liberation Movement
Beseda, the Union of Liberation, and the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists
‘Russia was not backward because serf relations dominated her economy; it was her backwardness that made serf relations persist.’
 Olga Crisp
• The emancipation legislation was ‘arguably the greatest piece of socio-economic legislation attempted anywhere in the world hitherto’.
o John Keep and Lionel Kochan.
Most bloody Russian peasant riot
Bezdna
Emancipation led to inevitable Russian disturbance
o Richard Pipes
For out centuries-old service to the state we received a wretched allotment of land with high redemption dues”.
petition from the village of Tashino in 1905
 Most gentry money was squandered or invested poorly
Roberta Manning
o Finance ministers like? (2) emphasised industry over agriculture
Sergei Witte and Ivan Vyschengradsky
80% of all gentry proprietors were unable to feed their families from the earnings of their estates.
Prince Trubetskoi
He placed emancipation at the heart of his critique of the Russian government
Boris Chicherin
 Who was acquitted for trying to assassinate the Chief of the St Petersburg police
Vera Zasulich
education minister
• Count Dmitri Tolstoy
o A number of visionaries exploited the Russian primary school statute
Korf, and Leo Tolstoy
Viceroy of Poland
Marquis Wielopolski
Polish positivist thinker
Boleslaw Prus
Pyotr Stolypin wanted to detach where from Poland
Kholm
Aleksandr III spent his summers where
Kotka
Offending organisation in the Ukraine
the Russian Geographical Society, Kiev branch
 Estonians like .... sought Russian help in their pursuit of equality with the Baltic Germans
K R Jakobson
Georgian Bolshevik
Iosef Djugashvilli
virtual dictator of the Vilnius province
• General MM Muravyov
Russia’s advance was inevitable - natural law for her to spread law and Orthodoxy
o Foreign Minister AM Gorchakov
• Roberta Manning
the fall of the Russian Empire as a crisis of the gentry
• Abraham Ascher
flurry of simultaneous revolutions than one single one
• Max Weber
something fundamental changed after the revolution
Bolshevik paper
Iskra
French ambassador to St Petersburg in 1904.
Maurice Bombard
1905 Interior Minister
• Vyacheslav von Pleve
“the Port Arthur debacle promises to shatter the foundations of the régime of Nikolas II”.
 Revolutionary Georgi Plekhanov
Reformer, replacement for Pkeve
Prince PD Sviatopolk-Mirskii
an American student in Moscow, noted the extraordinary atmosphere in late 1904
• Samuel Harper
 Cossacks in ???/put down one banquet demonstration with clubs
Odessa
After Bloody Sunday, riots killed dozens in
Riga and Warsaw
After Bloody Sunday, strikes spread as far as
Baku
 Appointing reforming ministers like
And hard-liner courtiers like
Aleksandr Bulygin
Dmitri Trepov
recorded that the streets of St Petersburg were not safe.
Austrian Ambassador
Russian monarchist, anti-semitic gangs
Black Hundreds
“For out centuries-old service to the state we received a wretched allotment of land with high redemption dues”.
one peasant petition from the village of Tashino
Mutinous battleship
Potemkin
.... again saw the worse violence in October 1905
Odessa
 Revolutionaries started to seize cities in the Days of Liberty, like
Novorossiysk
Two parties competing in 1906 Duma elections
Kadets and the Octobrists
 The Kadet Party called on the citizens not to give the government a single ...until the Second Duma met
recruit or kopek
Coup of June 1907 - Stolypin accused whom of starting an armed uprising
Social Democrats
Third Duma was elected in 1907
‘Duma of Lackeys’.
leader of the Socialist Revolutionaries, felt another revolution was a certainty after 1905
o Viktor Chernov
Octobrist leader
Aleksandr Guchkov
amount of land farmed by Russian gentry actually doubled here, 1900 - 1914
Poltava
a British journalist, who visited Russia in the 1880s and then again in the 1900s, and was shocked by the improvement.
 Sir Mackenzie Wallace
History of Bohemia
• Frantisek Palacky
• Austria had a ....of Russian or German military expenditure
quarter
describes him as one of the worst Habsburgs
AJP Taylor
• The pacific and moderate liberal ; lawyer and landowner
Francis Déak
trial by jury, civil marriage, secularisation, equality before the law, freedom of movement and expression, opposed by Czechs and Slavs
Prince Karl Auersperg
Bribe for Galicia, 1871
Minister for Galician Affairs
Taaffe's proclaimed title
Kaiserminister
• Bureaucrats like .... ruled through emergency legislation
Ernest von Koerber
Two Austrian German anti-Semitic nationalists
• Karl Lueger, Mayor of Vienna, and Georg Ritter von Schönerer
for the Empire to survive, it had to reform its constitution and create a democratic federation of equal peoples
• Czech Social Democrat, Bohumir Smeral
December 1913
Austrian general in Italy
Haynau
an outstanding Austrian playwright in an imperial, as well as a national, sense.
• Franz Grillparzer
o the great Austrian prose writer, also transcended the Austro-German sphere.
o Adalbert Stifter
 One of Adalbert Stifter's two novels, dealt with medieval Czech history.
Witiko
Austrian novelist supporting Slovene cultural endeavours
 Count Anton Alexander Auersperg
• Teaching in Romanian and Ruthenian in (2)
University of Lwów
University of Czernowitz
• Slovak nationalism - torn between
Catholics and Hussites
Hungarians stank and the Czechs cleaned shoes - Radetzky March
• Count Chojnicki
US press mogul who fanned waves of chauvinism
Joseph Pulitzer
Turning Algiers into Algeria took
40 years of conquest
• After the disappointing 1869 elections, dismissed
Duc de Persigny dismissed
Two French imperialist pressure groups
Union Coloniale was an economic imperialist pressure group
Whilst the Comité de l’Afrique Française tended to emphasise political necessity
• Belgian New Imperialism was a one-man show
Jean Stengers
Asian tribesmen slaughtered for not paying an indemnity
Yomud tribesmen
: too much emphasis on Leopold
• Vincent Viaene
Force Publique - size
one of the two largest colonial armies in Sub-Saharan Africa
French anti-colonial movement
• Ligue des Patriotes: mobilise patriotism, engage veterans, and educate for policy of revanche VOSGES NOT VIETNAM