General Logic Quiz #1

Front 1

argument

Back 1

a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion)

Front 2

truth value

Back 2

truth or falsity of a statement i.e. the truth value of x is true

Front 3

statement

Back 3

a sentence that is either true or false or declarative sentence

Front 4

premises

Back 4

statements that set forth the reasons or evidence

Front 5

conclusion

Back 5

the statement the evidence (premise) is claimed to support or imply

Front 6

conclusion indicators

Back 6

therefore, wherefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, entails that, hence, as a result

Front 7

premise indicators

Back 7

since, as indicated by, because, for, in that, may be inferred from, as, given that

Front 8

inference

Back 8

reasoning process expressed by an argument; interchangable w/ argument

Front 9

proposition

Back 9

meaning or informational content of a statement; interchangeable with statement

Front 10

syllogistic logic

Back 10

type of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms; argument is as good or bad depending upon how the terms are arranged

Front 11

modal logic

Back 11

Aristotle- type of argument that involves concepts like possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt

Front 12

conditions required for a passage to purport or prove something

Back 12

1. at least one of the statements must claim to present evidence or reasons
2. there must be a claim that the alleged evidence supports or impliesf

Front 13

factual claim

Back 13

at least one of the statements must claim to present evidence or reasons

Front 14

inferential claim

Back 14

there must be a claim that the alleged evidence supports or implies something
*objective feature of an argument

Front 15

implicit inferential claim

Back 15

argument lacking indicator words

Front 16

types of nonarguments

Back 16

1. simple noninferential passages
2. expository passages
3. illustrations
4. explanations
5. conditional statements

Front 17

types of simple noninferential passages

Back 17

1. warnings
2. pieces of advice
3. statement or belief or opinion
4. loosely associated statements
5. report

Front 18

relationship bt conditional statements and arguments

Back 18

1. single conditional statement is not an argument
2. a conditional statements may serve as either premise or conclusion or both of an argument
3. the inferential content of a conditional statement may be reexpresed to form an argument

Front 19

sufficient condition

Back 19

A is sufficient condition for B whenever the occurrence of A is all that is needed for the occurrence of B

Front 20

necessary condition

Back 20

B is necessary condition for A whenever A cannot occur without the occurrence of B

Front 21

deductive argument

Back 21

argument incorperating the claim that it is IMPOSSIBLE for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true

Front 22

inductive argument

Back 22

argument incorperating the claim that is it iMPROBABLE that the conclusion be false given the premises are true

Front 23

deductive reasoning indicator words

Back 23

necesarily, certainly, absolutely, definitely

Front 24

inductive reasoning indicator words

Back 24

probably, improbably, plausible, implausible, likely, unlikely, reasonable

Front 25

deductive argument forms

Back 25

1. arguments based on mathematics NOT statistics
2. argument from definition
3. categorical syllogism
4. hypothetical syllogism
5. disjunctive syllogism

Front 26

types of inductive arguments

Back 26

1. prediction
2. argument from analogy
3. generalization
4. argument from authority
5. argument based on signs
6. causal inference

Front 27

logic

Back 27

organized body of knowledge or science that evaluates arguments

Front 28

explanation

Back 28

expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon

Front 29

explanandum

Back 29

the statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained

Front 30

explanans

Back 30

statement/s that purports to do the explaining

Front 31

illustration

Back 31

an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done

Front 32

expository passage

Back 32

kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence

Front 33

particular statement

Back 33

one that makes a claim about one or more particular members of a class

Front 34

general statement

Back 34

makes a claim about all members of a class