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249 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Staff in the Indian and Colonial Offices combined in 1852
3,000
1865: a steamship sails ... miles from England to Mauritius without refuelling
8,500
Macgregor Laird spends ... days on the Niger and Benue Rivers
112
... Dervishes die for the loss of ... Britons and ... Egyptians at Omdurman
11,000 Dervishes die for the loss of 20 Britons and 20 Egyptians at Omdurman
% of capital invested overseas went outside the empire in this period, 1815 - 1880
80%
Britain’s share of South African resources ensures she still supplied... of the global gold import trade in 1900
Two-thirds
Britain imports of palm oil alone worth almost... in the 1860s
£1.5 million
The empire accounted for only ... of British imports and exports in 1850
1850
The empire accounted for only ... of British imports and exports in 1900
1900
1815 - 1915; ... emigrants leave Britain
22 million
Around ... missionaries by this point (1850)
5,000
% of the British population came from the colonies in 1900
5%
Mid-1850s: Bombay to London takes
One month
1865: Britain - India telegraph - messages take
As long as a week
1870: Britain - India telegraph - messages take
Five hours
1900: India has ... of railway
25,000 miles
British imperial population expansion in the nineteenth century
Twentyfold
Austrian population in 1910 - German
24%
Austrian population in 1910 - Magyar
20%
Austrian population in 1910 - Czech
13%
Austrian population in 1910 - Slovak
4%
Austrian population in 1910 - Croat
5%
Austrian population in 1910 - Serb
4%
Austrian population in 1910 - Pole
10%
Austrian population in 1910 - Ruthenian
9%
Austrian population in 1910 - Slovene
3%
The constitutional expression of the common monarchy was through the Delegations - how many members each
60 members
Hungarian Delegation - number of Croats
5
Austrian Delegation - number of minorities
10 from Bohemia
Down to 1 from the Tyrol
Hungarian part of the population
two-fifths of the imperial population
Hungarian tax contribution
paid a third of the imperial taxes
Croat Diet sent ... representatives to the Hungarian parliament
40
How out of date was the October Diploma
250 years out of date
Greater German empire population
“Empire of seventy millions”
Under Schmerling's electoral geometry, a German and a Czech town deputy represented
10,000
12,000
Under Schmerling's electoral geometry, a German and a Czech country deputy represented
40,000
53,000
Hungarian deputies in the Schmerling Reichsrat
85 (a permanent minority)
At the turn of the twentieth century, % of Hungarian state officials were Magyar.
95% of Hungarian state officials were Magyar
Literacy of the Bosnian and Herzegovina provinces in 1918
88% of the population was still illiterate
How many out of how many Bohemian Supreme Court Judges would have to know Czech under the 1890 Taaffe compromise?
fifteen out of 41 Bohemian Supreme Court judges
Population makeup of Bohemia
three-fifths German, two-fifths Czech
minorities of at least ...% were entitled to schools, or at least classes, with instruction in their vernacular
20%
The Landessprache (language of the land) was a regional language spoken by at least... but it was not necessarily the customary language of the land (Landesübliche Sprache)
20% of people
 Any public official who could not speak both languages within ... years would lose their office
3
1905 compromise
Czechs and Germans in Moravia
1910 compromise
Ruthenians, Romanians, Germans, and Jews in the Bukovina
Third compromise
Galicia between Jews and Romanians
Emperor's birthday
18th August
Wiener Neustadt ages
ten or eleven to seventeen or eighteen
How many conservative or federalist diets refused to ratify it
five
Italians had strong privileges in Dalmatia, where they represented under ... of the population
3%
Young Ruthenians outnumbering the Old Ruthenians in 1911
 By ten to one
The anti-Bonaparte opposition vote grew steadily from ... between 1852 and 1869
800,000 to 3,335,000
Length of the Manuel d’artillerie
 500 pages
Idées Napoléoniennes copies published
500,000 copies
How many voted for Bonaparte in the referendum of December 1851
 He received over seven million votes
 Parliament elected every ... years under Bonaparte
Six years
Votes against Bonaparte in 1869
3,335,000
The Bonaparte vote fell from ... between 1852 and 1869
5.2 million
4.5 million
Fall in grain prices by 1869
30% fall in grain prices
1869 elections, a government candidate could not be found for ... of constituencies
a quarter
o The opposition polled ...% of the votes in 1869
40%
o Between 1851 and 1869, French industrial production increased by
50%
o Between 1851 and 1869, French exports increased by
150%
o By 1870, ... kilometres of French line had been completed
18,000
o By 1870, French railways transported... of internal trade
50%
o By 1850, French railways transported... of internal trade
10%
... francs were invested in rail companies overall
 7,000,000,000 million
French railway companies made...
11% profits
French exports rose % in the 1860s
80%
French exports rose % in the 1850s
44%
o Agriculture still contributed ... of the French GNP
Half
 Heavy industry only employed ...% of the French workforce
10%
French growth rate of ... % per annum in in the 1850s fell to ...% per annum in 1865 – 1870.
3.7% per annum
1.16% per annum
French Population growth fell to ... the rate of the 1830s
half
1866 and 1869, the Crédit Lyonnais cut its industrial portfolio by
two thirds
Adolphe Thiers was elected in ... different departments in 1871
27
Parisians died in the Semaine Sanglante alone
 25,000
How many extreme-right deputies accepted the Comte de Chambord's manifesto
80
The salary of the deputies barely covered the costs of elections and the lifestyle
9,000 franc
o In 1870, French was a foreign tongue to ... the population
half
Deaths at Fourmies on 1st May 1891
Nine
 The first procession to the Mur des Fédérés organised by Jules Guesde
25,000 people
After 1893, there were ... socialists, of various shades, in the Chamber of Deputies
50
 There was a ball for .... for the Russian Navy in Toulon in 1893
5,000
French agriculture grew by ... in the 30 years before WWI
just over 0.5%
 In the first two decades of the 20th century, French growth was ... par annum
5%
 The Seine froze for ... in 1871
three weeks
Jews were only ... of the French population
0.2%
In Brittany, in 1906 some strikers had been on strike for ..., and were eating crabs off the beach
116 days
o Turning Algiers into Algeria took ... years of conquest
40
 Henri Brunschwig estimates that France pumped ... into her empire in the years before WWI
2,000 million francs
French exports remained in Europe
• Two-thirds
 Algeria was still not paying for itself after
three-quarters of a century
o In the 1880s, there were .... French geographical societies each with.... members, a .... of the world total
12,
1,000
a third of the world total
o In 1800, Europeans occupied or controlled % of the world’s land surface.
35%
o In 1878, Europeans occupied or controlled % of the world’s land surface.
67%
o In 1914, Europeans occupied or controlled % of the world’s land surface.
84%
By 1905, the Congo Free State accounted for... Belgian exports
no more than 0.5%
Steamships could travel... up the Yantze
500 miles
Steamships could travel... up the Nile
400 miles
o Africa’s interior remained unexplored by Europeans for...
three-and-a-half centuries
o Records of British military personnel in West Africa show that ...% of the white soldiers sent there perished.
... became invalids.
 Only ... were ultimately fit for future service.
77% dead
21% invalids
Only 2% fit for future service
Early muskets had an effective range of ... yards, less than a good bow
80 yards
Early muskets took... to load
a minute to load
 In the best conditions, a musket fired only ... times
seven out of ten times
French lost ... men in action by the time Algeria was pacified in 1857
23,787
In the Prusso-Austrian War of 1866, the breech-loader allowed the Prussians to fire ... in the time it took the Austrians to load and fire once
seven times
Rate of fire for the Maxim gun
 Firing eleven bullets a second
o At Kousséri in Chad in 1899, ... French soldiers, mostly Senegalese, defeated Rabah, reputedly the fiercest Sudanese slave-raider, with ... men
320 versus 12,000
The Suez Canal
Costing £1,300,000
 Within a few years, ... of the Suez traffic was of British registry
Three quarters
Balzer observed that a train carrying 50 tons of freight at could do the work of ...
13,333 porters
o By 1914, Africa had ... miles of railroad line for every ... inhabitants
3,3
10,000
Germany’s navy league had at least .... times the membership of its British counterpart
10
Racialist George Combe complained that transporting ... Europeans annually around the world sapped stock at home.
20,000
Retirement age in the Colonial Office
50
There were ... people from German-speaking countries, as imperial ones, living in Britain
almost as many
• By World War One, Germany had a territory of
just over a million square miles
 Gustav Schmoller dreamed of a German colony of ... people in South America
30 million
Germans talked of dividing South America into ...
three blocks; an American sphere, a British sphere, and a German sphere
German East Africa needed, in three years, ... expeditions to pacify it
17
By 1900, ... had been spent putting down risings in East Africa alone
150 million marks
Only ... German colonies balanced their budgets
Two tiny ones
Togoland and Samoa
German scorched earth policy in East Arica killed ... natives, by official estimate
75,000 natives
o Some ... German companies were operating in the colonies in 1914
400
Bismarck claimed friendship with Lord Salisbury was worth ... colonies
20
German Colonial League membership in 1887
14,838
German Colonial League membership in 1907
36,956
 Less than... of the Somali population received any sort of Italian education
1%
 Central Asian cotton production increased ...in the second half of the 1880s
fourfold
o Stolypin had hoped to extend zemstva into ... western border provinces before his 1911 assassination
six
... Russians had migrated to central Asia by the start of WWI
A million and a half
o By WWI .... population of Tashkent was Russian
A third
Russian nomad literacy rates
Under 1%
 Central Asian cotton production increased ...in the second half of the 1880s
fourfold
 By WWI, Central Asian cotton was supplying ... of Russia’s total needs
over half
Ukrainian literacy pre 1905
below 20%
Death toll in Odessa in October 1905
500 people
 After 1907, ... Russian Muslims of central Asia lacked representation
eight million
General MM Muravyov had... rebels executed in public
240
 Angola alone required .... to cover its budget deficits between 1895 and 1912
5,022 million escudos
 The Dembos region was in revolt for ...
35 years
Angola imported.... of Portuguese wine a year – ten times more per capita than France could sell to her colonies
eight million litres
 The Dutch occupied Indonesia for ... in total
300 years
 Expenditure on Dutch colonial public works ... between 1900 and 1914
doubled
 On colonial education went from ... between 1900 and 1914
five million to more than thirteen million guilders
By 1877, the Dutch Indies were providing ... of the Dutch state’s income
13%
 Spain sent in a huge army, to Cuba
200,000 men
Over.... of Spanish soldiers in Cuba died from disease
One third
Japanese industry, dealing primarily in steel, iron, cotton, and silk, ... between 1895 and 1900
doubled
Japanese investment in the Manchurian railway
200 million yen
Nearly ... Koreans died in the pacification
12,000
 Congress voted .... dollars for the war against Spain
50 million dollars
o Assassinations, which had previously occurred once or twice a year, occurred ... in 1864
almost weekly
How many Britons killed by as Shimazu Hisamitsu and his escort
One merchant
How many years of Tokugawa rule had come to an end in 1867
267
1868, .... powerful feudal lords submitted a joint memorandum to the court
six
How many Japanese status groups
Four - samurai, merchants, peasants, artisans
How many Japanese public school tiers
Three
Japanese... years of compulsory, though not free, basic education
4
... of mid-Meiji women were involved in unskilled work
Over half
Japanese hereditary daimyo
260
New Japanese national council of advisors and .... ministries in Tokyo ruled
eight ministries
hanbatsu
 An oligarchy of around twenty individuals
New Japanese electorate in 1890
 Just over 1% of the population could vote, based on property taxes
o From 1885 – 1914, Japanese GNP grew at an average annual rate of
over 3%
 By the 1860s, the real wages of carpenters in Osaka were .... what they had been twenty years before
half
Rural Japanese tax reforms led to .... rural protests in ,,, years. Peasants from areas with poor crop quality resented paying taxes in cash instead of in kind
99 protests in seven years
Japanese exports rose from ... in 1860 to an annual average of ... in the 1880s
$4,000,000, $34,500,000
Japanese imports rose from ... in 1860 to an annual average of ... in the 1880s
$2,000,000
$27,200,000
o By 1877, .... miles of government railways and ... miles of telegraph line had been built in Japan
64 miles
2,827 miles
 By 1913, electricity companies produced .... of all Japanese power. Japan never had a steam age.
80%
o By the end of the Meiji era, there were over .... factories bringing employment to over ... workers
32,000
800,000
Japanese population up ... from the 1880s to the end of WWI
40%
Japanese military expenditure around .... of gross national expenditure in peacetime
10%
In the early 1880s, over ... of Japan’s net domestic product was still produced by traditional activities
90%
When Perry arrived in Edo Bay, the country had no naval vessels at all. By 1868...
The Shogunate had 45 ships
And the domains 94
Satsuma, Saga, and Mito had built steamships
Percent of Japanese state expenditure devoted to putting down Satsuma Rebellion
80%
Japan bought ... of Korean exports
90%
o The number of foreign government employees peaked in 1875, with
520 persons
o The number of foreign government employees after 1894
annual totals were fewer than 100
Number of foreigners living in Japan in 1868
1,000
Number of foreigners living in Japan in 1894
just under 10,000
 More than half of them were Chinese
Japan had ... years of Dutch studies behind them
80 years
Each Russian governor had to look at over .... pieces of paper annually by the end of the century
100,000
There were only .... employees per thousand of the population in Russia, ... times fewer than in France
1.3
four times fewer
• The Fundamental Laws of 1906: the Duma had to be called only for ...
two months a year
One landowner had the vote of .... workers in the new Duma
 Giving one landowner the voting power of 45 workers
Of ,,, possible men who could be drafted by Russia, exemptions meant than no more than .... could be recruited
25 million
1.8 million
Aleksandr tried to reconcile the % ruled and the % rulers.
80% ruled
20% ruled
In 1866, there was an attempt on the life of the Tsar.
The first attempt by a commoner on the life of a Tsar in the ... history of the institution
500 year
There were only ... conspirators in Narodnaya Volya
a few hundred
How many in the o Committees of nobility framed to help draft the Alexandrine legislation
1,500 men in all
The zemstva employed as many as .... staff than they had representatives
five times more
Jews were killed in the 1905 revolution
thousands
of the Russian population lived in the countryside
90%
million people received their liberty in Emancipation
23 million
The emancipation of state serfs was delayed by
five years

 They received larger plots of land, however.
There were ... riots in the first ... months after the emancipation decree was promulgated, reaching their zenith at Bezdna.
647 riots
four months
1854 – 1855, Russia had spent the equivalent of .... years’ income on the war
3
By 1860, there were only .... miles of Russian railways
1,000
By 1880, there were ... miles of Russian railways
14,000
Roberta Manning; perhaps more than ... flowed into gentry coffers in the second half of the nineteenth century. Most of it was squandered or invested poorly, estimated
four billion roubles
Prince Trubetskoi estimated that ... of all gentry proprietors were unable to feed their families from the earnings of their estates
80%
Russian total industrial output in the 1890s and 1900s rose by ... year on year
4-5%
Russian grain exports reach ....
86 million tons by 1880
Russia: from 1860 to 1876, coal production multiplied by , and steel production by
sixteen
ten
In 1900, there were more power looms in .... than Russia
India
ussian per capita income in 1860 was .... the western average.
By 1914, it was....
half
third
.... provinces were equipped with zemstva by 1870
34
Zemstva set up this many primary schools by the 1880s
8,000
This many Russian bureaucrats were noble, though many had been ennobled through state service
Three quarters
Peasant representation was also very large in new Russian juries, sometimes as much as... in some regions
80%
Early 1880s:... of Russian boys from eight to twelve were going to school
14%
Payment breakdown for Russian primary education:
43%
23%
16%
In twenty years, the number of primary and secondary schools increased ...
fourfold
The province of Yaroslavl’ covered .... kilometres, yet had only 50 rural police officers.
22,400
people were freed by Aleksandr's amnesty
9.000
In the 1860s, this many people were leaving Russia a year
30,000 people a year
The number of new books being published in Russia was ...., year on year
Doubling, even trebling
• Aleksandr finally sanctioned the creation of .... more mounted police in 1878 for the provinces
5,000
Wage decline in Warsaw in the crisis before the years before 1904
wages declined by 33 – 50%
1900 – 1914, the amount of arable land farmed by the Russian gentry increased by
almost a third
1900 – 1914, the amount of arable land farmed by the Russian gentry in Poltava
doubled
Russia: 1903, there were strikes involving workers.
In 1903, there were 550 strikes involving 140,000 workers.
About ....of Russian workers were illiterate
half
o By 1905, there was an estimated ... active Social Democrats in the entire empire
12,000
 The Battle of the Straits of Tsushima saw Russia lose
over thirty ships, 4,000 men and two admirals
The call to arms to fight the Japanese of .... reservists decimated workforces
over a million
The effect of the 1904 war on silk production
 Silk production fell by a quarter
scholarly, cultural, and professional societies pressing for reform in the aftermath of 1904
42
Union of Liberation banquets took place in ... Russian cities
26
Samuel Harper, an American student in Moscow, noted people saying things they would have gone to Siberia for
six months ago
 Some estimates claim as many as .... people may have headed to the Winter Palace
50,000 – 100,000
Size of the strike organised by Father Gapon in the run to bloody Sunday
50,000 – 100,000
people in all stopped work in January 1905
 414,000
 In 1905 in Russia, this many working days were lost
23.5 million working days were lost
1905 government unleashing its emergency legislation until it affected
30 out of 78 provinces
rural disorders in November 1905.
796
Conservative estimates suggest that... people died during the entire revolution
14,000
civilians were executed and banished by the government in the three years after 1905.
2,000 civilians
21,000 were banished
The first Duma held ... sessions in the short time before it was dissolved
40
Russia faced a trade deficit for 1906
nearly 500 million rubles
The 1914 strike was ... as big as that of 1905
half
Stolypin's land reforms meant that ploughed land expanded by
10%
o A joint squadron of seventeen European ships were sent in 1864 which attacked Chōshū batteries in the Straits
17
indemnity for closing Yokohama and the Simonoseki Straits
three million Mexican dollars, paid in six equal instalments
How many consecutive years of Japanese crop faiilure
three consecutive years