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249 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Staff in the Indian and Colonial Offices combined in 1852
|
3,000
|
|
1865: a steamship sails ... miles from England to Mauritius without refuelling
|
8,500
|
|
Macgregor Laird spends ... days on the Niger and Benue Rivers
|
112
|
|
... Dervishes die for the loss of ... Britons and ... Egyptians at Omdurman
|
11,000 Dervishes die for the loss of 20 Britons and 20 Egyptians at Omdurman
|
|
% of capital invested overseas went outside the empire in this period, 1815 - 1880
|
80%
|
|
Britain’s share of South African resources ensures she still supplied... of the global gold import trade in 1900
|
Two-thirds
|
|
Britain imports of palm oil alone worth almost... in the 1860s
|
£1.5 million
|
|
The empire accounted for only ... of British imports and exports in 1850
|
1850
|
|
The empire accounted for only ... of British imports and exports in 1900
|
1900
|
|
1815 - 1915; ... emigrants leave Britain
|
22 million
|
|
Around ... missionaries by this point (1850)
|
5,000
|
|
% of the British population came from the colonies in 1900
|
5%
|
|
Mid-1850s: Bombay to London takes
|
One month
|
|
1865: Britain - India telegraph - messages take
|
As long as a week
|
|
1870: Britain - India telegraph - messages take
|
Five hours
|
|
1900: India has ... of railway
|
25,000 miles
|
|
British imperial population expansion in the nineteenth century
|
Twentyfold
|
|
Austrian population in 1910 - German
|
24%
|
|
Austrian population in 1910 - Magyar
|
20%
|
|
Austrian population in 1910 - Czech
|
13%
|
|
Austrian population in 1910 - Slovak
|
4%
|
|
Austrian population in 1910 - Croat
|
5%
|
|
Austrian population in 1910 - Serb
|
4%
|
|
Austrian population in 1910 - Pole
|
10%
|
|
Austrian population in 1910 - Ruthenian
|
9%
|
|
Austrian population in 1910 - Slovene
|
3%
|
|
The constitutional expression of the common monarchy was through the Delegations - how many members each
|
60 members
|
|
Hungarian Delegation - number of Croats
|
5
|
|
Austrian Delegation - number of minorities
|
10 from Bohemia
Down to 1 from the Tyrol |
|
Hungarian part of the population
|
two-fifths of the imperial population
|
|
Hungarian tax contribution
|
paid a third of the imperial taxes
|
|
Croat Diet sent ... representatives to the Hungarian parliament
|
40
|
|
How out of date was the October Diploma
|
250 years out of date
|
|
Greater German empire population
|
“Empire of seventy millions”
|
|
Under Schmerling's electoral geometry, a German and a Czech town deputy represented
|
10,000
12,000 |
|
Under Schmerling's electoral geometry, a German and a Czech country deputy represented
|
40,000
53,000 |
|
Hungarian deputies in the Schmerling Reichsrat
|
85 (a permanent minority)
|
|
At the turn of the twentieth century, % of Hungarian state officials were Magyar.
|
95% of Hungarian state officials were Magyar
|
|
Literacy of the Bosnian and Herzegovina provinces in 1918
|
88% of the population was still illiterate
|
|
How many out of how many Bohemian Supreme Court Judges would have to know Czech under the 1890 Taaffe compromise?
|
fifteen out of 41 Bohemian Supreme Court judges
|
|
Population makeup of Bohemia
|
three-fifths German, two-fifths Czech
|
|
minorities of at least ...% were entitled to schools, or at least classes, with instruction in their vernacular
|
20%
|
|
The Landessprache (language of the land) was a regional language spoken by at least... but it was not necessarily the customary language of the land (Landesübliche Sprache)
|
20% of people
|
|
Any public official who could not speak both languages within ... years would lose their office
|
3
|
|
1905 compromise
|
Czechs and Germans in Moravia
|
|
1910 compromise
|
Ruthenians, Romanians, Germans, and Jews in the Bukovina
|
|
Third compromise
|
Galicia between Jews and Romanians
|
|
Emperor's birthday
|
18th August
|
|
Wiener Neustadt ages
|
ten or eleven to seventeen or eighteen
|
|
How many conservative or federalist diets refused to ratify it
|
five
|
|
Italians had strong privileges in Dalmatia, where they represented under ... of the population
|
3%
|
|
Young Ruthenians outnumbering the Old Ruthenians in 1911
|
By ten to one
|
|
The anti-Bonaparte opposition vote grew steadily from ... between 1852 and 1869
|
800,000 to 3,335,000
|
|
Length of the Manuel d’artillerie
|
500 pages
|
|
Idées Napoléoniennes copies published
|
500,000 copies
|
|
How many voted for Bonaparte in the referendum of December 1851
|
He received over seven million votes
|
|
Parliament elected every ... years under Bonaparte
|
Six years
|
|
Votes against Bonaparte in 1869
|
3,335,000
|
|
The Bonaparte vote fell from ... between 1852 and 1869
|
5.2 million
4.5 million |
|
Fall in grain prices by 1869
|
30% fall in grain prices
|
|
1869 elections, a government candidate could not be found for ... of constituencies
|
a quarter
|
|
o The opposition polled ...% of the votes in 1869
|
40%
|
|
o Between 1851 and 1869, French industrial production increased by
|
50%
|
|
o Between 1851 and 1869, French exports increased by
|
150%
|
|
o By 1870, ... kilometres of French line had been completed
|
18,000
|
|
o By 1870, French railways transported... of internal trade
|
50%
|
|
o By 1850, French railways transported... of internal trade
|
10%
|
|
... francs were invested in rail companies overall
|
7,000,000,000 million
|
|
French railway companies made...
|
11% profits
|
|
French exports rose % in the 1860s
|
80%
|
|
French exports rose % in the 1850s
|
44%
|
|
o Agriculture still contributed ... of the French GNP
|
Half
|
|
Heavy industry only employed ...% of the French workforce
|
10%
|
|
French growth rate of ... % per annum in in the 1850s fell to ...% per annum in 1865 – 1870.
|
3.7% per annum
1.16% per annum |
|
French Population growth fell to ... the rate of the 1830s
|
half
|
|
1866 and 1869, the Crédit Lyonnais cut its industrial portfolio by
|
two thirds
|
|
Adolphe Thiers was elected in ... different departments in 1871
|
27
|
|
Parisians died in the Semaine Sanglante alone
|
25,000
|
|
How many extreme-right deputies accepted the Comte de Chambord's manifesto
|
80
|
|
The salary of the deputies barely covered the costs of elections and the lifestyle
|
9,000 franc
|
|
o In 1870, French was a foreign tongue to ... the population
|
half
|
|
Deaths at Fourmies on 1st May 1891
|
Nine
|
|
The first procession to the Mur des Fédérés organised by Jules Guesde
|
25,000 people
|
|
After 1893, there were ... socialists, of various shades, in the Chamber of Deputies
|
50
|
|
There was a ball for .... for the Russian Navy in Toulon in 1893
|
5,000
|
|
French agriculture grew by ... in the 30 years before WWI
|
just over 0.5%
|
|
In the first two decades of the 20th century, French growth was ... par annum
|
5%
|
|
The Seine froze for ... in 1871
|
three weeks
|
|
Jews were only ... of the French population
|
0.2%
|
|
In Brittany, in 1906 some strikers had been on strike for ..., and were eating crabs off the beach
|
116 days
|
|
o Turning Algiers into Algeria took ... years of conquest
|
40
|
|
Henri Brunschwig estimates that France pumped ... into her empire in the years before WWI
|
2,000 million francs
|
|
French exports remained in Europe
|
• Two-thirds
|
|
Algeria was still not paying for itself after
|
three-quarters of a century
|
|
o In the 1880s, there were .... French geographical societies each with.... members, a .... of the world total
|
12,
1,000 a third of the world total |
|
o In 1800, Europeans occupied or controlled % of the world’s land surface.
|
35%
|
|
o In 1878, Europeans occupied or controlled % of the world’s land surface.
|
67%
|
|
o In 1914, Europeans occupied or controlled % of the world’s land surface.
|
84%
|
|
By 1905, the Congo Free State accounted for... Belgian exports
|
no more than 0.5%
|
|
Steamships could travel... up the Yantze
|
500 miles
|
|
Steamships could travel... up the Nile
|
400 miles
|
|
o Africa’s interior remained unexplored by Europeans for...
|
three-and-a-half centuries
|
|
o Records of British military personnel in West Africa show that ...% of the white soldiers sent there perished.
... became invalids. Only ... were ultimately fit for future service. |
77% dead
21% invalids Only 2% fit for future service |
|
Early muskets had an effective range of ... yards, less than a good bow
|
80 yards
|
|
Early muskets took... to load
|
a minute to load
|
|
In the best conditions, a musket fired only ... times
|
seven out of ten times
|
|
French lost ... men in action by the time Algeria was pacified in 1857
|
23,787
|
|
In the Prusso-Austrian War of 1866, the breech-loader allowed the Prussians to fire ... in the time it took the Austrians to load and fire once
|
seven times
|
|
Rate of fire for the Maxim gun
|
Firing eleven bullets a second
|
|
o At Kousséri in Chad in 1899, ... French soldiers, mostly Senegalese, defeated Rabah, reputedly the fiercest Sudanese slave-raider, with ... men
|
320 versus 12,000
|
|
The Suez Canal
|
Costing £1,300,000
|
|
Within a few years, ... of the Suez traffic was of British registry
|
Three quarters
|
|
Balzer observed that a train carrying 50 tons of freight at could do the work of ...
|
13,333 porters
|
|
o By 1914, Africa had ... miles of railroad line for every ... inhabitants
|
3,3
10,000 |
|
Germany’s navy league had at least .... times the membership of its British counterpart
|
10
|
|
Racialist George Combe complained that transporting ... Europeans annually around the world sapped stock at home.
|
20,000
|
|
Retirement age in the Colonial Office
|
50
|
|
There were ... people from German-speaking countries, as imperial ones, living in Britain
|
almost as many
|
|
• By World War One, Germany had a territory of
|
just over a million square miles
|
|
Gustav Schmoller dreamed of a German colony of ... people in South America
|
30 million
|
|
Germans talked of dividing South America into ...
|
three blocks; an American sphere, a British sphere, and a German sphere
|
|
German East Africa needed, in three years, ... expeditions to pacify it
|
17
|
|
By 1900, ... had been spent putting down risings in East Africa alone
|
150 million marks
|
|
Only ... German colonies balanced their budgets
|
Two tiny ones
Togoland and Samoa |
|
German scorched earth policy in East Arica killed ... natives, by official estimate
|
75,000 natives
|
|
o Some ... German companies were operating in the colonies in 1914
|
400
|
|
Bismarck claimed friendship with Lord Salisbury was worth ... colonies
|
20
|
|
German Colonial League membership in 1887
|
14,838
|
|
German Colonial League membership in 1907
|
36,956
|
|
Less than... of the Somali population received any sort of Italian education
|
1%
|
|
Central Asian cotton production increased ...in the second half of the 1880s
|
fourfold
|
|
o Stolypin had hoped to extend zemstva into ... western border provinces before his 1911 assassination
|
six
|
|
... Russians had migrated to central Asia by the start of WWI
|
A million and a half
|
|
o By WWI .... population of Tashkent was Russian
|
A third
|
|
Russian nomad literacy rates
|
Under 1%
|
|
Central Asian cotton production increased ...in the second half of the 1880s
|
fourfold
|
|
By WWI, Central Asian cotton was supplying ... of Russia’s total needs
|
over half
|
|
Ukrainian literacy pre 1905
|
below 20%
|
|
Death toll in Odessa in October 1905
|
500 people
|
|
After 1907, ... Russian Muslims of central Asia lacked representation
|
eight million
|
|
General MM Muravyov had... rebels executed in public
|
240
|
|
Angola alone required .... to cover its budget deficits between 1895 and 1912
|
5,022 million escudos
|
|
The Dembos region was in revolt for ...
|
35 years
|
|
Angola imported.... of Portuguese wine a year – ten times more per capita than France could sell to her colonies
|
eight million litres
|
|
The Dutch occupied Indonesia for ... in total
|
300 years
|
|
Expenditure on Dutch colonial public works ... between 1900 and 1914
|
doubled
|
|
On colonial education went from ... between 1900 and 1914
|
five million to more than thirteen million guilders
|
|
By 1877, the Dutch Indies were providing ... of the Dutch state’s income
|
13%
|
|
Spain sent in a huge army, to Cuba
|
200,000 men
|
|
Over.... of Spanish soldiers in Cuba died from disease
|
One third
|
|
Japanese industry, dealing primarily in steel, iron, cotton, and silk, ... between 1895 and 1900
|
doubled
|
|
Japanese investment in the Manchurian railway
|
200 million yen
|
|
Nearly ... Koreans died in the pacification
|
12,000
|
|
Congress voted .... dollars for the war against Spain
|
50 million dollars
|
|
o Assassinations, which had previously occurred once or twice a year, occurred ... in 1864
|
almost weekly
|
|
How many Britons killed by as Shimazu Hisamitsu and his escort
|
One merchant
|
|
How many years of Tokugawa rule had come to an end in 1867
|
267
|
|
1868, .... powerful feudal lords submitted a joint memorandum to the court
|
six
|
|
How many Japanese status groups
|
Four - samurai, merchants, peasants, artisans
|
|
How many Japanese public school tiers
|
Three
|
|
Japanese... years of compulsory, though not free, basic education
|
4
|
|
... of mid-Meiji women were involved in unskilled work
|
Over half
|
|
Japanese hereditary daimyo
|
260
|
|
New Japanese national council of advisors and .... ministries in Tokyo ruled
|
eight ministries
|
|
hanbatsu
|
An oligarchy of around twenty individuals
|
|
New Japanese electorate in 1890
|
Just over 1% of the population could vote, based on property taxes
|
|
o From 1885 – 1914, Japanese GNP grew at an average annual rate of
|
over 3%
|
|
By the 1860s, the real wages of carpenters in Osaka were .... what they had been twenty years before
|
half
|
|
Rural Japanese tax reforms led to .... rural protests in ,,, years. Peasants from areas with poor crop quality resented paying taxes in cash instead of in kind
|
99 protests in seven years
|
|
Japanese exports rose from ... in 1860 to an annual average of ... in the 1880s
|
$4,000,000, $34,500,000
|
|
Japanese imports rose from ... in 1860 to an annual average of ... in the 1880s
|
$2,000,000
$27,200,000 |
|
o By 1877, .... miles of government railways and ... miles of telegraph line had been built in Japan
|
64 miles
2,827 miles |
|
By 1913, electricity companies produced .... of all Japanese power. Japan never had a steam age.
|
80%
|
|
o By the end of the Meiji era, there were over .... factories bringing employment to over ... workers
|
32,000
800,000 |
|
Japanese population up ... from the 1880s to the end of WWI
|
40%
|
|
Japanese military expenditure around .... of gross national expenditure in peacetime
|
10%
|
|
In the early 1880s, over ... of Japan’s net domestic product was still produced by traditional activities
|
90%
|
|
When Perry arrived in Edo Bay, the country had no naval vessels at all. By 1868...
|
The Shogunate had 45 ships
And the domains 94 Satsuma, Saga, and Mito had built steamships |
|
Percent of Japanese state expenditure devoted to putting down Satsuma Rebellion
|
80%
|
|
Japan bought ... of Korean exports
|
90%
|
|
o The number of foreign government employees peaked in 1875, with
|
520 persons
|
|
o The number of foreign government employees after 1894
|
annual totals were fewer than 100
|
|
Number of foreigners living in Japan in 1868
|
1,000
|
|
Number of foreigners living in Japan in 1894
|
just under 10,000
More than half of them were Chinese |
|
Japan had ... years of Dutch studies behind them
|
80 years
|
|
Each Russian governor had to look at over .... pieces of paper annually by the end of the century
|
100,000
|
|
There were only .... employees per thousand of the population in Russia, ... times fewer than in France
|
1.3
four times fewer |
|
• The Fundamental Laws of 1906: the Duma had to be called only for ...
|
two months a year
|
|
One landowner had the vote of .... workers in the new Duma
|
Giving one landowner the voting power of 45 workers
|
|
Of ,,, possible men who could be drafted by Russia, exemptions meant than no more than .... could be recruited
|
25 million
1.8 million |
|
Aleksandr tried to reconcile the % ruled and the % rulers.
|
80% ruled
20% ruled |
|
In 1866, there was an attempt on the life of the Tsar.
The first attempt by a commoner on the life of a Tsar in the ... history of the institution |
500 year
|
|
There were only ... conspirators in Narodnaya Volya
|
a few hundred
|
|
How many in the o Committees of nobility framed to help draft the Alexandrine legislation
|
1,500 men in all
|
|
The zemstva employed as many as .... staff than they had representatives
|
five times more
|
|
Jews were killed in the 1905 revolution
|
thousands
|
|
of the Russian population lived in the countryside
|
90%
|
|
million people received their liberty in Emancipation
|
23 million
|
|
The emancipation of state serfs was delayed by
|
five years
They received larger plots of land, however. |
|
There were ... riots in the first ... months after the emancipation decree was promulgated, reaching their zenith at Bezdna.
|
647 riots
four months |
|
1854 – 1855, Russia had spent the equivalent of .... years’ income on the war
|
3
|
|
By 1860, there were only .... miles of Russian railways
|
1,000
|
|
By 1880, there were ... miles of Russian railways
|
14,000
|
|
Roberta Manning; perhaps more than ... flowed into gentry coffers in the second half of the nineteenth century. Most of it was squandered or invested poorly, estimated
|
four billion roubles
|
|
Prince Trubetskoi estimated that ... of all gentry proprietors were unable to feed their families from the earnings of their estates
|
80%
|
|
Russian total industrial output in the 1890s and 1900s rose by ... year on year
|
4-5%
|
|
Russian grain exports reach ....
|
86 million tons by 1880
|
|
Russia: from 1860 to 1876, coal production multiplied by , and steel production by
|
sixteen
ten |
|
In 1900, there were more power looms in .... than Russia
|
India
|
|
ussian per capita income in 1860 was .... the western average.
By 1914, it was.... |
half
third |
|
.... provinces were equipped with zemstva by 1870
|
34
|
|
Zemstva set up this many primary schools by the 1880s
|
8,000
|
|
This many Russian bureaucrats were noble, though many had been ennobled through state service
|
Three quarters
|
|
Peasant representation was also very large in new Russian juries, sometimes as much as... in some regions
|
80%
|
|
Early 1880s:... of Russian boys from eight to twelve were going to school
|
14%
|
|
Payment breakdown for Russian primary education:
|
43%
23% 16% |
|
In twenty years, the number of primary and secondary schools increased ...
|
fourfold
|
|
The province of Yaroslavl’ covered .... kilometres, yet had only 50 rural police officers.
|
22,400
|
|
people were freed by Aleksandr's amnesty
|
9.000
|
|
In the 1860s, this many people were leaving Russia a year
|
30,000 people a year
|
|
The number of new books being published in Russia was ...., year on year
|
Doubling, even trebling
|
|
• Aleksandr finally sanctioned the creation of .... more mounted police in 1878 for the provinces
|
5,000
|
|
Wage decline in Warsaw in the crisis before the years before 1904
|
wages declined by 33 – 50%
|
|
1900 – 1914, the amount of arable land farmed by the Russian gentry increased by
|
almost a third
|
|
1900 – 1914, the amount of arable land farmed by the Russian gentry in Poltava
|
doubled
|
|
Russia: 1903, there were strikes involving workers.
|
In 1903, there were 550 strikes involving 140,000 workers.
|
|
About ....of Russian workers were illiterate
|
half
|
|
o By 1905, there was an estimated ... active Social Democrats in the entire empire
|
12,000
|
|
The Battle of the Straits of Tsushima saw Russia lose
|
over thirty ships, 4,000 men and two admirals
|
|
The call to arms to fight the Japanese of .... reservists decimated workforces
|
over a million
|
|
The effect of the 1904 war on silk production
|
Silk production fell by a quarter
|
|
scholarly, cultural, and professional societies pressing for reform in the aftermath of 1904
|
42
|
|
Union of Liberation banquets took place in ... Russian cities
|
26
|
|
Samuel Harper, an American student in Moscow, noted people saying things they would have gone to Siberia for
|
six months ago
|
|
Some estimates claim as many as .... people may have headed to the Winter Palace
|
50,000 – 100,000
|
|
Size of the strike organised by Father Gapon in the run to bloody Sunday
|
50,000 – 100,000
|
|
people in all stopped work in January 1905
|
414,000
|
|
In 1905 in Russia, this many working days were lost
|
23.5 million working days were lost
|
|
1905 government unleashing its emergency legislation until it affected
|
30 out of 78 provinces
|
|
rural disorders in November 1905.
|
796
|
|
Conservative estimates suggest that... people died during the entire revolution
|
14,000
|
|
civilians were executed and banished by the government in the three years after 1905.
|
2,000 civilians
21,000 were banished |
|
The first Duma held ... sessions in the short time before it was dissolved
|
40
|
|
Russia faced a trade deficit for 1906
|
nearly 500 million rubles
|
|
The 1914 strike was ... as big as that of 1905
|
half
|
|
Stolypin's land reforms meant that ploughed land expanded by
|
10%
|
|
o A joint squadron of seventeen European ships were sent in 1864 which attacked Chōshū batteries in the Straits
|
17
|
|
indemnity for closing Yokohama and the Simonoseki Straits
|
three million Mexican dollars, paid in six equal instalments
|
|
How many consecutive years of Japanese crop faiilure
|
three consecutive years
|