Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
synsarcosis
|
no bony attachment
in thoracic limb, limb attached by 7 extrinsic muscles |
|
|
7 extrinsic muscles of thoracic limb
|
trapezius, serratus ventralis, omotransversarius, rhomboideus, lattisimus dorsi, brachiocephalicus, pectoral muscles
|
|
|
midline raphe
|
fibrous line on the dorsal aspect of the neck and trunk, formed by deep fascia
gives origen to muscles |
|
|
muscle near superficial cervical lymph node
|
omotransversarius
|
|
|
intrinsic muscles of forelimb
|
have attachments confined to the bones of the thoracic limb
|
|
|
what may lead to lameness of the shoulder join
|
bursitis of the bursa underneath the tendon of insertion for infraspinatus
|
|
|
finding location of the shoulder joint
|
palpation of the acromion process of scapula
|
|
|
Sweeney
|
damage to suprascapular n.; results in instability of shoulder joint and an abducted shoulder
|
|
|
how to find the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow
|
trace the proximal ligament of the lateral digital extensor, since the muscle originates on the ligament
|
|
|
supinator m.
|
more prominent in the cat
deep branch of radial nerve runs medial to this muscle |
|
|
pronator teres m
|
much more prominent in the cat than in the dog
|
|
|
manica flexoria
|
at the level of the proximal phalanx, the tendon slips of the SDF split to allow the tendons of the the DDF to slip through (thoracic limb)
absent in 1st digit! |
|
|
interosseus m
|
arise from proximopalmar aspect of of MC II-V
distally each muscle tendon splits into two branches a sesamoid bone is embedded in each branch at metacarpal-phalangeal joint eventually joins with CDE tendon slips |
|
|
sites for harvesting cancellous bone and bone marrow
|
iliac crest, major trochanter of femur, tibial crest
|
|
|
sacrotuberus ligament
|
strong in dog, absent in cat
good landmark to locate caudal gluteal vessels |
|
|
most important muscle for bearing weight on forelimb
|
triceps brachii
|
|
|
most important muscle for bearing weight on pelvic limb
|
quadriceps femoris
|
|
|
muscles that insert at trochanteric fossa
|
gemelli, internal and external obturator
|
|
|
muscles surrounding peroneal nerve
|
peroneus longus, long digital extensor
|
|
|
triceps surae
|
in cat, the gastroc and soleus muscles
|
|
|
fabellae
|
sesamoid bones associated with gastrocnemius
form a synovial joint with femoral condyles lateral fabellae can be used as an anchor for wire suture in ACL repair |
|
|
capped hock
|
inflammation of synovial bursa under the SDF tendon as it passes over the calcanean tuberosity
|
|
|
popliteus m. and cranial cruciate ligament rupture
|
responsible for medial rotation of tibia, cranial drawer syndrome
|
|
|
vertebral formula cat/dog
|
C7, T13, L7, S3, Ca~20
|
|
|
pedicalectomy
|
removal of part of pedicle of vertebra to relieve pressure on spinal nerves
|
|
|
laminectomy
|
removal of part of lamina to reduce spinal cord compression from disc herniation
|
|
|
atlas: lateral vertebral foramen
|
transmits the first cervical nerve
|
|
|
atlas: transverse foramen
|
transmits vertebral artery and vein
|
|
|
wings of atlas
|
palpable, provide landmarks for accessing CSF via the foramen magnum of the skull
|
|
|
dens
|
represents the body of the atlas during development
|
|
|
ligaments of atlanto-occipital joint
|
dens of axis is attached to occipital bone by 3 ligaments:
apical ligament, alar ligaments (pair), transverse atlantal ligament |
|
|
apical ligament
|
extends from dens to the floor of the foramen magnum (skull)
|
|
|
alar ligaments
|
extend from medial aspect of occipital condyles to the dens
|
|
|
transverse atlantal ligament
|
prevents dens from moving toward the spinal cord
runs across the dorsal aspect of the dens and attaches to the floor of the atlas synovial bursa is located between the ligament and the dens |
|
|
dorsal atlanto-axial ligament
|
attaches the dorsal aspect of the atlas to the spinous process of the axis
|
|
|
disorders of atlanto-axial joint
|
incomplete development of dens, developmental lack of transverse atlantal ligamet, traumatic fracture of dens with rupture of dorsal atlanto-occipital ligament
symptoms: dorsal rotation of axis, compression of spinal cord *worst when dens is intact but transverse atlantal ligament is ruptured or absent |
|
|
proatlas
|
transient ossification of tip of dens during development; if not fused with dens, may be mistaken for fracture of dens on radiograph
|
|
|
C6
|
transverse process is plate-like
used as marker during surgery, easy to palpate |
|
|
C7
|
has no transverse foramen
may have a demifacet for articulation of 1st rib |
|
|
exit of spinal nerves in relation to vertebra
|
cranial in cervical, caudal in all other
(due to C7 having C7 in front and C8 behind -- more cervical spinal nerves than vertebrae) |
|
|
thoracic vertebrae
|
long spinous processes, relatively shorter bodies, presence of mamillary processes, contain cranial and caudal demifacets for the ribs
|
|
|
anticlinal vertebra
|
T11
spinous process is vertical cranial articular facet moves to mamillary processes has a complete facet for the rib |
|
|
mamillary processes
|
projections on the transverse processes
sites of muscle attachment |
|
|
accessory processes
|
found on last few thoracic vertebrae
arise from pedicles, directed caudally close to intervertebral foramen, may cause spinal nerve compression if overgown |
|
|
lumbar vertebrae
|
have broad spinous processes, cranially-directed transverse processes, prominent mamillary processes, and long bodies
accessory processes diminish in size from T1 to T7 |
|
|
sacrum
|
formed by union of 3 sacral vertebrae; contains median crest (fused spinous processes), tubercles (fused mamilloarticular processes), lateral sacral crest (fused transverse processes), wing (articular facets for ilium)
|
|
|
hemal arches
|
y-shaped bones on ventral aspect of Ca 4-6, median coccygeal artery passes through
|
|
|
intumescense
|
vertebral canal is larger between C5 to T2, and L4 to L7
|
|
|
ribs
|
13 pairs in dogs and cats
9 sternal, 4 asternal, last pair floating T1-T10 have intermediate ridges because corresponding vertebrae have demifacets |
|
|
sternum
|
made up of fusion of 8 sternebrae, connected by intersternal cartilage
|
|
|
developmental origin of epaxial muscles
|
from epimeres, express MYF5 protein, innervated by dorsal branches of spinal nerves
|
|
|
ilocostalis system
|
ilocostalis thoracic and lumborum
|
|
|
longissimus system
|
capitis, cervicus, thoracis, lumburum
|
|
|
transversospinalis system
|
splenius, semispinais capitis (biventer, complexus)
|
|
|
nuchal ligament
|
paired, made up of elastic fibers
absent in the cat terminates on C2 designed for passive support of head |
|
|
modifications to deep fascia in flexor aspect of manus
|
palmar annular ligament (holds both SDF and DDF), proximal digital annular ligament, distal digital annular ligament (each hold only the DDF)
|
|
|
carpal joint
|
composite synovial
3 joint sacs: -antebrachicarpal (R, U & RC, UC) -middlecarpal (RC, UC & C2-C4) -carpometacarpal (C2-C4 & MC 2-5) communication between distal two between C3 and C4 |
|
|
shoulder joint
|
ball and socket
single joint capsule biceps tendon sheath is an extension of joint capsule medial and lateral collateral ligaments are a thickening in joint capsule |
|
|
elbow joint
|
hinge joint, very stable
single joint capsule 2 collateral ligaments, 1 oblique annular ligament of radius |
|
|
tarsal joint
|
4 joint sacs:
-talocrural (distal tibia, talus, calcaneus) proximal intertarsal (talus, calcaneus & central tarsal, T4) tarsometatarsal (T1, 2, 4 & MT 2-5) communication between talocrurual and proximal intertarsal medial and lateral collateral ligaments |
|
|
pelvic joint
|
single joint capsule
ball and socket joint dorsal and ventral sacroiliac ligaments sacrotuberus ligament ligament of femoral head transverse acetabular ligament |
|
|
stifle joint
|
joint capsule forms three sacs (two between femoral and tibial condyles, one beneath the patella)
medial and lateral menisci (6 ligaments) lat/medial collateral ligaments caudal/cranial cruciate ligamens lat/medial parapatellar cartilage |
|
|
ligaments of menisci
|
cranial and caudal tibial ligaments (on each menisci)
intermeniscal transverse ligament (cranial) meniscofemoral ligament (lateral menisci) |
|
|
ligaments connecting the femur and tibia
|
lat/medial collateral
cranial/caudal cruciate |
|
|
mobility of lateral menisci
|
not attached to lateral collateral ligament
meniscofemoral ligament |
|
|
importance of knowledge of ossification centers
|
ossification defects can be diagnosed by knowing when centers fuse
trauma to developing bones usually results in separation of ossification center important in correcting limb deformities radiographic interpretation |
|
|
ossification center: carpal bones
|
radial carpal: 3, radial, central, intermediate
accessory carpal: 2, body, tubercle all other carpals: 1 each |
|
|
ossification center: metacarpal bones
|
MC II-V: two each, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
MC I: two, diaphysis, proximal epiphysis |
|
|
ossification center: phalanges
|
PI and PII: proximal epiphysis and diaphysis
PIII: one ossification center |
|
|
ossification center: radius
|
three: diaphysis, proximal and distal epiphyses
|
|
|
ossification center: ulna
|
four: anconeal process, olecranon tuber, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
|
|
|
ossification center: scapula
|
two: body, glenoid tubercle
|
|
|
ossification center: humerus
|
five: proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, trochlea, capitulum, medial epicondyle
|
|
|
ossification center: os coxae
|
seven centers of ossification
|
|
|
ossification center: femur
|
five: proximal epiphysis, major trochanter, minor trochanter, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
|
|
|
ossification center: tibia
|
five: tibial tuberosity, proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis, medial malleolus
|
|
|
ossification center: tarsal bones
|
only the calcaneus has two centers of ossification (body and tuber calcaneus)
|
